River Valley Civilizations of the Middle East Vocab

1. Pastoralism- the practice of raising livestock 2. Bronze Met entirelyurgy- the get hold of of the chemicals of the metal Bronze 3. Iron Metallurgy- the study of the chemicals of the metal Iron 4. Nile- gives battalion hot water and is a major source for Egypt. The yearly activity is that it floods the river valley and moist fertile land is left behind. The resource the Nile has is the flood plain full of fertile land 5. Cataract- an unnavig suitable stretch of rapids and waterfalls 6. Delta- at one and only(a) of the ends of rivers where the river spreads into many different streams 7.Silt- fine sand or stiff that is tardily carried by water 8. Papyrus- another type of paper that early civilizations apply to write impotant info. It is thicker than paper 9. Irrigation- a process of saturating the land to be able to grow crops on it 10. Amun-Re- graven image of state and to whom common people twist to for adversity 11. Osiris- god of the underworld his brother killed him and spread his body split everywhere. His wife recovered them and gave him a proper burial. The gods were impressed and brought back to animateness sentence Osiris, only when as a spirit, or god of the underworld 12.Seth- god of chaos brother of Osiris who killed Osiris 13. Horus- son of Osiris associated with the pharaohs and the Sun 14. Ptah- the chief god of the past city of Memphis he is a creator god and god of computer architecture and crafts 15. Isis- wife of Osiris goddess that dealt with spea poof to the dead, bring nback the dead to life, curing the sick, and magic 16. Hathor- Cow- goddess of lamb and music 17. Maat- goddess of physical and moral law of Egypt, order and virtue 18. Aten- god of the sun as in a solar discus that had rays coming towards earth which represented human pass reaching for ankh the pharaoh 19.Upper Egypt- up river or up the Nile river that reached the cataracts to Memphis 20. commence Egypt- from Memphis to the delta part of the Nile Riv er 21. Menes- king of Memphis in Lower Egypt 22. Theocracy- a type of government where the priest rules the name of God or a god 23. Pharaoh- an emperor that ruled Egypt 24. Vizier- a high official 25. Bureaucracy- a type of government where important decisions are decided by state officials rather than elected representatives 26. Hieroglyphics- Egypts writing that showed events that happened 27.Nubia- Country beneath Egypt that competed and fought with Egypt for land and who is more provideful 28. Old Kingdom- the first kingdom of Egypt were the Pharaohs pressure workers to pattern huge pyramids 29. Middle Kingdom- Pharaohs became less powerful and they mostly were relate ab turn up foreign affairs and they lived during a time of great prosperity or surplus 30. Intermediary Periods- the first intermediate period was between Egypt and Nubia. They both fought over land and about politics and they had five wars. The countenance one was the fight between Egypt and the Hyksos, or horse riding nomads.The Hyksos had tan weapons that they obtained from Hittites and the Mesopotamians. Once again, they fought over land but in the end, Egypt obtained bronzy weapons and pushed the hyksos out of Egypt. 31. New Kingdom- the Pharaohs in this era had lesser power than their ancestors, but they did build palaces, temples, and monumental statues to show off their power. They did work to extend the land moving in of Egypt beyond the Nile delta. 32. Hyksos- horse-riding nomads who had bronze weapons obtained from the Hittites and the Mesopotamians.They dominated Egypt for a while, but Egypt finally obtained bronze weapons also and pushed the Hyksos out of Egypt. 33. Hatshepsut- First woman pharaoh who forced workers to build a statue of her 34. Fertile Crescent- the Middle East the area where the land was very fertile to farm 35. Mesopotamia- the land between the rivers, or the land in-between the Tigris river and the Euphrates river 36. Tigris and Euphrates rivers- th e conditional relation of these rivers were that Mesopotamia had very little rainfall, but these rivers supplied a great amount of fresh water.The resources the rivers supplied were the ability to grow wheat, barley, and peas. 37. City-State- the early people had to go internal and outside(a) problems so they created a city-state. Within the city they controlled order and authority and prevented problems with urban citizens causing civil disorder. Externally from the city, you need a government to control foreign affairs such as agriculture in surround regions and authority in neighboring territories 38. Ur- a Sumerian city-state that dominated (with others) human race affairs 39.Ziggurat- distinctive stepped pyramids that housed temples and altars to the principal local deity 40. Cunei family- a form of writing used in Mesopotamia, Persia and Ugarit that involved wedged shapes on clay tablets 41. Sargon of Akkad- a talented administrator and a brilliant warrior who conquered al l the cities of Sumeria. His life span was from 2370-2315 b. c. e 42. Epic of Gilgamesh- the story of a hero, who killed an evil monster, pull through Uruk from a ravaging bull and matched his wits to the gods. Enkidu, a cherished jock of Gilgamesh, offended the gods and he was sentenced to death.He wanted to cheat death and take a leak a eternal life so he found a supernatural plant that granted that, but a serpent stole it and this do Gilgamesh realized the death is the ultimate fate for all human-beings 43. Hammurabis Code- if a person is an offender, or someone who does something morally wrong, he/she shall face a fierce punishment such as death, or cutting your hands off. 44. Sumeria- first civilization of Mesopotamia which prospered with its many different cities 45. Babylonia- dominated Mesopotamia because of its great culture.The king was Nebuchadnezzar who built famous buildings. Babylonia was great until the Assyrian empire took over 46. Assyria- they were interested in enforcing laws and expansion. After they took Babylonia, they expanded much of southwest Asia. They conquered Syria, Palestine, most of Anatolia, and most of Egypt. They believed in Hammurabis laws. King Assurbanipal had a library that saved great lit that survived to present day. 47. Neo Babylonia/Chaldean- a Babylon soldier named Nabopolassar wanted to overthrow Assyrian rule, but Egypt supported the Assyrians.There were many battles and Babylonia was starting to win and they captured the capital of Assyria. Meanwhile, Babylonia captured Jerusalem and in that location were peace treaties between the Cilician and the Syennesis leaders. In the end Babylonia dominated over Assyria 48. Hittites- they migrated to Anatolia where they compel their languages and ruled the people there. They built a power kingdom which had cockeyed relations with Mesopotamia. They traded with Babylonia and Assyria and they adopted cuneiform writing. Later the Hittites conquered eastern Anatolia, nort hern Mesopotamia, and Syria all the d have to Phoenicia. 9. Patriarchal- a type of government in which the eldest priapic has all the power and male descendants will get the power eventually. 50. Hebrew- a language and a religion that people from early multiplication to present day practice 51. Phoenicians- an early Greek society. They did not have a monarchy, but rather different city-states with local kings. They interest in state building and their military. They deeply influenced other civilizations because of their industry and trade networks. They traded overland and they traded goods such as raw materials, or textiles, decorative items, pottery, etc.They also created their own alphabet which indicated their interest in literature, religion, and historical writings. 52. Indo-European- Common languages were Old Persian, Greek, and Latin in Europe because indo-Europeans migrated all over Eurasia. The origin of Indo-European was in present day Ukraine and southern Russia. They b uilt their society in 4500 to 2500 b. e. c. They brocaded cattle, sheep, goats, and they domesticated horses. They used horses for wagons, carts, and chariots for travel. The Indo-Europeans migrated south, east, and west distributing their language.