Disadvantages of Phenotypic Methodologies

To start with, phe nonype is defined as the app arnt characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction between its familial makeup and the environment(Encarta 2008). Phenotypic mannerology has many advantages and disadvantages and this essay talks about the dis advantages . The fact that most laboratories faeces do an automatic desoxyribonucleic acid makes genotyping testing more available than phenotyping. introductory and foremost the test is not ordinarily readily available and fond making the snip for the outcome of the result to be prolonged and needfully long.Phenotypic methods for most drugs does not have clinically significant cut out to differentiate sensitive and resistant isolates and this has not been delineated for most of the drugs. From the branch principle, genotyping is less complex, faster, and less expensive than phenotyping. Another disadvantage is that certain changes in resistance mutation observe by genotyping are not sometimes detected by phenotyping. Such changes might be the prime stair in the path to high-level resistance, and detection of these mutations might stimulate a change in therapy in a patient with detectable germ plasm viremia.Therefore phenotypic methodologies may not be able to mould a minute shifts in the susceptibility that follows the existence of only one or more mutation which may lead to decreased drug effect. A costly example is the 74V and 90M mutation in the sequinavir and didanosine respectively. Phenotypic method is utilize to differentiate isolates based on the phenotypic appearances which are a corollary of genetic composition.The method has a low discriminating range within alike(p) species and therefore has been applied only within same variety of organisms. many phenotypic methodologies have been suggested for use in discriminating among various groups of bacteria. These accept biochemical tests (Olsen etal 1992)), phage susceptibility (Zierdlt etal 1980)), outer membrane protein profiles (Barekam etal 1981), antibody reactivity (Valsalovic etal 1994), fimbriation (Latham and Stamm 1984), bacteriocin return and susceptibility, and other methods.However, these systems have serious disadvantages, including unstable phenotypes, low sensitivity at the intraspecies level, and limited preciseity. However, a few phenotypic methods have been employ successfully as bacterial source tracking (BST) methodologies. Phenotyping that is dependent on the biochemical properties could be expensive and waste a lot of time . In this method the basal metabolic rate of the organism is greatly bear on by the growth parameters and conditions.Some variables used in the biochemical burn down can as well give rise to false discrimination. A good example is the L monocytogen which did not provide a coherent and genuine outcome making the use of antimicrobial susceptibility not to be encouraged while dealing with these bacteria. Phenotypic characteristics are not usually reproducible as they are manifestation of genetic expression and this is affected largely by the prevailing growth parameters.Phenotypic methodology despite advantages is not without its own limitation and setbacks as it is difficult under this method to determine and establish clinically remarkable value for the prediction of the virology response. It also has a notable problem of handling making it limited. It solely depends on the specific specimen storage, conveyance method and preparation. When specimen are improperly handled this may lead to false positive and negative data interpretation results.The DNA from virus while using the method can be assail from unprofessional handling in the laboratory. It must be noted that twain the genotypic and phenotypic approaches study and examine the most important viral quasispecies. Another disadvantage of phenotypic methodology is that in case of a virus that the proof of its resistance to drug has been established and that has been se lected by forward treatments with drugs or has been acquired by initial transmission ,if another resistant transmission line of such virus develop again, it may not be detected by this method.Furthermore, when dealing with the Human immunodeficiency virus for example, any collected exemplar with copy of the virus less than 500 RNA more much than not will not generate results. In other words, the method is not sensitive to a minor variant case. The phenotype method also relies on the replication of the amplified gene sequences using the polymerase chain reaction and as such the possibility of cross contamination is highly plausible and this may occur with or without appropriate technique and carefulness.It is therefore advised for this reason out that an outcome that does not tally with the present clinical state or previous treatment of patient is an indication for repeating the resistance test. In conclusion, phenotypic method has several disadvantages in that it is highly var iable, due to environmental factors that lead to variation in gene expression, it has poor reproducibility and the loaded power is unsatisfactory. It may also falsely associate unrelated isolates and conversely when only a tiny and narrow framework of biochemical tests are used.