PEST Analysis Essay

Q) On the basis of PEST analysis launch a Pakistani product in Belgium? In order to launch a Pakistani product in foreign country we have to look macro economic conditions of that country. There are different accept and measurement. As to market Pakistani product certain thing are important for instance culture, area, age, group, buying power, availability of raw material etc. Macroeconomic play vital role to sell a product in any country of the world. In macroeconomic PEST analysis is very important. PEST analysis means political economical social and technological condition of a country where we launching our product. I am launching Shan plain spices in Belgium. INTRODUCTION OF BELGIUM CUISINE Belgian cuisine is widely varied with significant regional variations while also reflecting the cuisines of neighboring France, Germany and the Netherlands. It is sometimes said that Belgian food is served in the quantity of German cuisine but with quality of French food. Outside the country, Belgium is best known for its chocolate and beer. Belgian cuisine traditionally prizes regional and seasonal ingredients, leading to distinctive dishes Belgians typically eat three meals a day, with a light breakfast, light or medium sized lunch and large dinner. Though Belgium has many distinctive national dishes, it should be noted that many internationally-popular foods like hamburgers or spaghetti Bolognese are also eaten in Belgium. The list incorporates dishes of Belgian origin, or those which can be considered typically Belgian. Fries and other fast-food establishments tend to offer a number of different sauces for the fries and meats. INTRODUCTION OF SHAN FOODS Shan Foods started from a single small room some twenty five years ago. Management decided to launch its very own brand and start a full-scale manufacturing unit to cater to the taste of the local public. Shan is one of the largest exporters of premium quality packaged spices, recipe mixes, pickles and desserts with products adding taste and flavors .Shan Foods (Pvt) Ltd. Is a rapidly growing food company with presence in over 50 countries Strengthening their departments with candidates having extraordinary positive energy, obtain and edge in technology, and determined in execution, with a passion for excellence. The main objective of Shan foods sourcing department is to work with quality suppliers. The department diligently pick and select the best quality spices. Company pays extra attention in obtaining raw material. The planning process of Shan foods is depending on S&OP. The planning purpose of Shan foods is to achieved the target of R=R.. The make process of SCOR model is referred to the production or manufacturing facilities. Shan foods are dedicated to ensure the consistency of product by using well equipped production techniques. The supply chain team ensure that the goods or shipments reach their destinations well in time to match market trends and customer demand. PICTURE OF SHAN FOODSShan Foods started from a single small room some twenty five years ago. Management decided to launch its very own brand and start a full-scale manufacturing unit to cater to the taste of the local public. Shan is one of the largest exporters of premium quality packaged spices, recipe mixes, pickles and desserts with products adding taste and flavours .Shan Foods (Pvt) Ltd. Is a rapidly growing food company with presence in over 50 countries. Strengthening their departments with candidates having extraordinary positive energy, obtain and edge in technology, and determined in execution, with a passion for excellence. The main objective of Shan foods sourcing department is to work with quality suppliers. The department diligently pick and select the best quality spices. Company pays extra attention in obtaining raw material. The planning process of Shan foods is depending on S&OP. The planning purpose of shan foods is to achieved the target of R=R. Shan foods believed that planning should be right and in efficient manner. The make process of SCOR model is referred to the production or manufacturing facilities.Shan foods are dedicated to ensure the consistency of product by using well equipped production techniques. The supply chain team ensure that the goods or shipments reach their destinations well in time to match market trends and customer demand. PEST ANALYSIS P = Political E = Economical S = Social T = technological B) ECONOMICAL FACTORS IN BELGIUM 1)Nature of the Belgium economy: The modern, private enterprise economy of Belgium has capitalized on its central geographic location, industrial and commercial base. Most traditional industrial sectors are represented in the economy. Belgium developed an excellent transportation infrastructure of ports, canals, railways to integrate with its industry. Belgium has one of the most open economies in the world. This nature of economy suitable for Shan product 2) GENERAL ECONOMIC SITUATION IN THE REGION: Belgium currency is Euro. Belgium is a very open economy. This country allows foreign investor to invest in their economy. Euro is strong currency because of strong hold in economy as Shan product earn profit which in return help Belgium’s economy to rise more. 3) STRENGTH OF BELGIUM MARKET: Belgium has a well-developed free market economy, based on both industrial and service sectors. It is heavily dependent on international trade. Strong research and development team. Our lay man giligentally pick and select best quality species. Company pays extra attention in obtaining raw material. Our product is certified from international standards like ISO 9000 which is globally recognized throughout the world. 4)PRUCHASING POWER OF CONSUMERS: Belgium’s economy was based on the nation’s manufacturing capabilities. The country was the first in continental Europe to undergo the Industrial Revolution. Belgium depends heavily on world trade. Belgium’s trade advantages are derived from its central geographic location. We introduce our product in family pack as well as sachet so that every individual can take pleasure of spices in their cuisine. 5) PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION PATTERN: Supply chain team ensures that the goods or shipment reaches their destination well in time to match the market trends and customer demand. There Should in some stock in ware houses as a backup line ounce’s the stocks end in the store we immediately fill up store shelves through our product. Belgium developed a highly efficient and capable transportation infrastructure that included roads, ports, canals, and rail links. 6) DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN BELGIUM: Food Industry is highly developed in Belgium, is devoted mainly to the processing of imported raw materials into semi finished and finished products, which are then Consume by Native. 7) Level of the economic income of the country: The rate of inflation in Belgium, this often refers to the rate of inflation based on the consumer price index, or CPI for short. The Belgian CPI shows the change in prices of a standard package of our product Belgian house holds purchase for consumption. 8) GROWTH OF OTHER BUSINESS: A unique strategic vision of the market in Belgium is presented, in particular identifying the numerous companies present together with their market shares and major brands by country and product. Standard data tables for each product provide a panorama of companies’ strengths and presence 9) INFLATION IN BELGIUM: The inflation is based upon the Belgian consumer price index. The index is a measure of the average price which consumers spend on a goods and services. Inflation based upon the consumer price index (CPI) is the main inflation indicator in Belgium. Our Shan product is easily adjust in the market. A) POLITICAL FACTORS IN BELGIUM 1) POLITICAL STABILITY: Political environment refer political and governmental and legal environment. It has close relationship with the economic system and economic policy. for instance Belgium is a constitutional monarchy in which ultimate power rest with bicameral parliament. Belgium is an EU member state and as a member of EU Belgium have to follow regulation on trade treaties, import treaties, custom duties and other trade regulations. This political stability help Shan product to launch easily and archive the desire result. 2) GOVERNMENT SUPPORT: The Belgium government welcomes foreign investment and once established foreign owned company Is treated in the same way as Belgium owned company. Belgium tax incentive tend to favour new service industries and high tech companies. 3) TAXATION SYSTEM IN BELGIUM: The principle taxes effecting the companies are the cooperate income tax, pay tax on remuneration paid to employes and directors, insurance premium tax and depending on the location of the company certain regional and local taxes. Belgium has fully implemented the EU parent subsidiary intrest royalties and saving directive into domestic law. 4) CHEAP LABOUR: Belgium labor law encompasses laws on the terms of environment on rules of health and safety. All major Belgian companies have European work council agreement. Foreign employee who want to work in Belgium must have work permit and this work permit can be obtained relatively fast and easy. As permission form the Belgium government Shan food company easily take cheap labor from Pakistan which help the company to reduce its liability. 5) LAW AND ORDER SITUATION: As a law and order situation in Belgium is far better than Pakistan. no hap hazards, blast or other issues regarding the security. Suppler deliver the product on time. There’s no peril of theft of product aur raw material.prdust arrive on time in the market,at the right palce and on the right time. 6) CORRUPTION Belgium has a very open economy and offers a reliable environment for direct inbound investment. Because the country has a federal structure and is also subject to European regulations, decisions affecting the investment climate are taken at a variety of levels. Changes in corporation tax are making Belgium an increasingly interesting place. Belgium is least corrupt country. Corruption is minimal, and the government prohibits and punishes all forms of bribery. 7)ACCOUNTING,FILLING AND AUDITING REQUIREMENT: The annual report of Belgian companies must be drafted in accordance with Belgian GAAP(generally accepted accounting principle).foreign companies are required to deposits each year financial report in central bank. Financial statement must be audited by a statutory auditor because of well organized accounting system this country help a lot to accomplish Shan plain spices. 8) OPEN MARKETS: Belgium has low tariffs along with other members of the European Union, and non-tariff barriers are relatively low. The investment regime is largely open. The Financial Crisis Law passed in June 2010 grants the government stronger powers to step in during crises. In order of loss in sale of Shan plain spices Belgian government come forward to help the company. In rainy days government help company to pay its liabilities. 9)REGULATORY EFFICIENCY: The cost of establishing a company has been reduced to below 20 percent of the level of average annual income, and starting a business takes only three days and four procedures. price control policies continue to affect a range of products and services. 10) AVAILABILITY OF LAND: Belgium is a federal state consisting of three culturally different regions: Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels. In the 19th century, the area began to industrialize, and Wallonia was the first fully industrialized area This brought the region great economic prosperity. Regulation duties apply on leasing of real state located in Belgium at rates ranging from 0.2% to 12.5% is depending on the area where the company is located.

Tips on Coping with Stress for College Students

I am sure the word ‘stress’ is a word that is very familiar to all of us – especially those who are studying foundation engineering. Stress is caused by the feeling of worry or pressure about a particular problem in life. For college students like us, stress or pressure is a result of high expectations that our family put on us. The pressure of competition among our friends too can cause to stress. No matter how you look at it, there is no way of escaping stress. Therefore, it is important that we find ways to cope with it to reduce the level of stress. The most important thing is to keep our body healthy. There are a number of things that we should do to ensure our health is always in good shape. Exercise is very important. It not only keeps our body healthy it also ensure our blood flows properly to the brain. Sitting and studying for hours without any movement can increase the level of stress. That is why it is advisable that you have half an hour break every two hours of your study time. It is during this break that you should do a few light exercises to keep your blood flowing. It is also advisable you go for walks, jogging or play sports to keep your mind healthy. Keeping the body healthy by merely doing exercise is not sufficient. It is also essential that we eat a balanced diet. Our body needs nutrition to produce energy to study. Besides, we must also ensure that we eat enough meals every day. Do not skip meals. A hungry stomach will only aggravate the situation and make us feel more stressed out. Hence for female college students, do not on diet in order to have a sexy body. You should always enjoy your foods Many college students cut down on their sleeping hours because they study late into the night. And the next day they have to wake up early. As a result, they come to college with a heavy head and headache. They force themselves to stay awake to concentrate in class, unfortunately they cannot. Therefore, study everyday, consistently in order to avoid last minute studying which will affect your health. The next important thing is to have a good study skill and technique. Join group discussions so that you can share ideas and thoughts among your friends. Learn how to study smart. Make notes and mind-map, these studying techniques will help you to study better. Have a check list to help you monitor the progress of your revision. If you have problem in certain subjects, you should spend more time on it. However, we tend to spend more time on our favorite subjects. As a result, this will affect your exam grade. Another way that can help us to cope with stress is by listening to some soothing music – something instrumental. According to the research, many have said that this type of music is helpful in lowering the stress level. I hope these tips will beneficial to all college students and wish you guys all the best in the foundation year.

Columbus vs. de Las Casas

In the textbook of Bartolome de las Casas From The Very Brief Relation of the Devastation of the Indies, de la Casas said â€Å"This was the first land in the New World to be destroyed and depopulated by the Christians, and here they began their subjection of the women and children, taking them away from the Indians to use them and ill use them, eating the food they provided with their sweat and toil. Base on this saying we can guest his thought about the New World and its inhabitants, he explains how the Spaniards have behaved and acting, killing, terrorizing, afflicting, torturing, and destroying the native peoples, doing all this with the strangest and most varied new methods of cruelty, never seen or heard of before. De las Casas think this new world was the first one to be devastated destroyed and conquered by imperialist and colonialist Spaniards. Columbus’s letters we can see the arrogance he possessed in claiming the islands he found. In his letter describing his findings to his king, he wrote, â€Å"And there I found very many islands filled with people innumerable and of them all I have taken possession for their Highnesses. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Columbus never stopped to consider that these islands were not his to take, nor were the people that inhabited them. He simply took over these lands, even going so far as to rename them all. His first sight of what he termed â€Å"Indians† was of a group of attractive, unclothed people. Speculation is that, to him, their nakedness represented a lack of culture, customs, and religion. Columbus saw this as an opportunity to spread the word of God, while at the same considering how they could possibly be exploited. He believed that they would be easy to conquer because they appeared defenseless, easy to trick because they lacked experience in trade, and an easy source of profit because they could be enslaved. It obviously did not occur to Columbus to consider these people in any terms aside from that of master and slave. Columbus thinks that New World could be well adapted for the working of the gold mines and for all kinds of commerce.

The problems and development of preschool education in China Dissertation

The problems and development of preschool education in China - Dissertation Example As such, it is important that the quality of management and teaching staff is up to certain standards nationwide so that young children are more adequately prepared for transition into primary school at age 4. That is the focus of this study. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 4 Statement of the Problem 5 Purpose of the Study 6 Summary 6 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature 8 Chapter 3: Methodlogy 16 Research Method and Design Appropriateness 17 Research Questions 18 Population 19 Sampling Frame 20 Informed Consent 22 Confidentiality 23 Geographic Location 23 Data Collection 24 Data Collection Procedures 25 Instrumentation 27 Validity and Reliability 27 Internal validity. 28 External validity. 28 Reliability 28 Data Analysis 29 Summary 30 Chapter 4: Results 32 Data Collection Procedures 32 Interview Questions 36 Data Analysis and Results 40 Experience, Qualification, and Training 40 Current Training Opportunities 41 Leadership Style 42 Level of Work in Chinese Preschools 43 Pre paration for Primary School 44 Chapter Five: Conclusions 45 Appendix A: Pre-Screening Interview 47 Appendix B: Personal Interview Questions 48 Appendix C: Informed Consent 50 References 51 1. Introduction Many countries around the world have long debated the importance of preschool programs. Some tout the developmental advantages of children who attend such educational institutions from a very young age, while others insist that just as many advantages exist when children stay and play at home during this time. In China, preschool education begins as early as 1 year old. Typically, Chinese youngsters will attend preschool until 3 years of age, when they graduate into a more formal kindergarten program. In China, however, part of the problem exists in the disparity between urban and rural areas. In regards to preschool education, this separation is particularly noticeable and telling. In urban areas of China, preschool is a full time business. Parents can send their children to schoo l, as young as one year of age, either full time or part time. In addition, there is a growing trend towards boarding preschools, where parents can send their children during the week and bring them home for the weekend. Arguably, many contend that such a serious focus on educating such young children is a bit pretentious, while others insist that children attending such preschools gain a valuable edge as they enter primary school. The concept of preschool, however, has hit a difficult patch in rural areas. Most rural families either must pay to have their young children boarded in an urban preschool, or they are forced with the option of far inferior programs in their neighboring villages. Rural, remote, and poor areas of China typically see preschools that are more typical of Western style nursery (day care) centers. In addition, preschools in rural areas are often seasonal in nature, as the teachers typically have other duties to attend to on farms during certain times of the yea r. Recent years have seen an explosion in the number of preschool’s offered nationwide, primarily as a result of a government initiative that provides such educational offerings to children as young as one year of age. Basically, a combination of state, collective bodies, and private citizens has worked together to expand preschool offerings throughout the country of China. This is response

Laughter in The Heptameron (Navarre) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Laughter in The Heptameron (Navarre) - Essay Example In First Day, Story One, humor can be found in the way the wife of St. Aignan juggled her husband, the Bishop of Ses and Du Mesnil as her lovers. Navarre used the woman's servant to show the serving lady's critique on her mistress' sexual morality when she wrote; 'The good woman felt sorry for him (Du Mesnil). There he was, a good-looking, well-bred young man, so much in love, and so badly treated in return!' (Navarre 72). It could be noted that Navarre did not directly criticize the seemingly lack of sexual morality in her characters. The servant was her mouthpiece to point out the fact that Du Mesnil had no moral sexuality in pursuing her mistress. He was described as 'good-looking' and decidedly capable of finding suitable, eligible love interests. Since he chose to indulge in a married woman, he was partly responsible for the treatment he received when he had no access to his married lover. Du Mesnil had been made the comic fool by his persistent trust in the woman. He fell into her trap and was slain by St. Aignan's servants. It was funny how the wronged and weak brought destruction upon themselves. Navarre used a combination of dialogue and narrative to show showed how gullible Du Mesnil was; 'Off he went, never dreaming that she was planning to trap him, while she took his servant back to her house and gave him some supper.' (Navarre 73). It was not a surprise that the woman who lacked sexual morality was also lacking in moral scruples. The weak St. Aignan made a fool of himself when we read that he showed off his pretended valor when; 'he thrust his dagger a dozen or so times into the body of the man on whom he would never have dared lay a finger had he been alive.' (Navarre 74). St. Aignan made a comical figure with his false bravery. It was a critique on the weak huaband who could not comment nor do anything on his wife's moral sexuality while his Du Mesnil was alive. It was comical how events did not turn out the way the characters planned them. St. Aignan planned to get rid of his wife. Navarre's narration said that he made a wax doll to cast a spell of ill will on her because he felt that; 'It was she who was at the bottom of all this trouble, and he was quite certain she would never renounce her wicked ways.' (Navarre 77). He had no sexual morality because he did not want to preserve the sexual relations that bond him to his wife. The same could be said about the woman. She wanted to rid herself of the restriction that imposed sexual morality on her so she devised her own measures to save her skin while condemning her husband. Although she did get past criminal jurisdiction for her wickedness, she did not enjoy a good life thereafter. At the end of the story, Navarre revealed that the story teller was Simontaut, whose objective was to chastise women who lacked sexual morality. Navarre incorporated the critique on sexual morality in the form of a witty exchange amongst her story tellers, Simontaut, Parlamente and Oisille. Sinc e this story was a moral condemnation of a woman's marital infidelity, Navarre had set the stage for the next story teller, Oisille, who said she was compelled to tell a story to contrast with this and redeem the virtues of good women with good sexual morality. (Navarre 71-78).

Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theology - Essay Example By nature, man is a religious being. His belief systems, and his concept of his Maker, make up a very core part of his personality. Religious activities, such as going to church, are the norm in every society. Non-believers constitute a miniscule minority in the world. Culture, social activities and even politics, are all based on religion. In this context, religious studies serve as an essential tool to the understanding of ourselves and of the society in which we live. It is no longer possible to live in a ‘religious vacuum,’ solely consisting of the knowledge of one’s own religion. The magic of technology has shrunk the world, and borders are increasingly becoming mere geographical features. The free movement of people has brought all religions together in close proximity. For example, practices such as transcendental meditation and yoga, which were previously considered to be a part of religion, are now a part of the culture of healthy living. When I consider my choice of a liberal education, I realize that the main attraction is the opportunity to gain a holistic education, which will help me develop a well-rounded personality.

Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance Sheet Essay

Pro Forma Income Statement and Balance Sheet - Essay Example This is done by dividing the balance for these accounts by sales revenue for 2013. The Balance Sheet accounts, which generally vary closely with Sales are cash, inventory, accounts payable, and accounts receivable. Fixed Assets are also often tied closely to Sales, unless there is excess capacity. On the Income Statement, costs are expressed as a percentage of Sales. Since we are assuming that all costs remain at a fixed percentage of Sales, net Income can be expressed as a percentage of sales indicating the profit margin. Taxes are expressed as a percentage of taxable income to determine the tax rate. The next step is constructing the Partial Pro-forma Financial Statements. The first step involves determining the forecast sales level for the company. One plus the forecasted growth rate in Sales multiplied by the sales for the year 2013 yields the sales forecast for 2014. The following formula explains this step. To obtain the growth rate, we compare the sales level of 2013 to the sales level of 2011 and 2012. There was a 1.6% drop in sales from 2011 to 2012. In 2013, the drop in sales was 3.1%. the average drop in sales for the two year period was 2.35%. therefore, the forecasted sales level for 2014 will be; After determining the sales forecast, the income statement and balance sheet accounts that vary directly with Sales are determined by multiplying the percentages by the Sales forecast. The accounts that do not vary directly with Sales are transferred to the Partial Pro-Forma Financial Statements without adjustments. The last step of constructing the pro forma financial statements is determining the external finance needed. External finance needed is the difference between partial pro-forma total assets and partial pro-forma total liabilities and owners equity. The amount for Garmin Ltd is 4887221-4879603 = 7618. Firms can choose to raise the external finance needed by

Impact of strategic public relations on cris Research Paper

Impact of strategic public relations on cris - Research Paper Example The unpreparedness of organizations for crisis management often implies they get caught off guard when a crisis occurs, meaning the response to and the handling of such a crisis would obviously be in jeopardy (American Petroleum Institute, 2008). In fact, that crises occur at any time from different sources such as human error, management incompetence, industrial accidents and natural disasters makes it rather difficult to foresee. In fact, most management teams, upon creating crises, deny the existence of the said crises, resulting in the accumulation and explosion of problems and the subsequent public uproar. An extensive literature review has revealed that it is the responsibility of managers, junior personnel, and owners to employ whatever means and resources at their disposal to prevent and solver crises before they cause extensive damages to a company’s reputation, productivity, profitability and survival (Parry et al., 2006). The mainly cited techniques of solving industrial and organizational crises are self-confidence, skills/competences and absorption of public fear/anger. All these strategies should be geared towards reducing or entirely eliminating the harm to an organization’s income and reputation. In fact, brilliant managers and owners may even manage and solve crises without the public hearing about the crisis. However, once a crisis becomes a public issue, strategic Public Relations (PR) is highly recommended for addressing such an issue. This literature review section explores the numerous PR strategies that the oil and gas industry stakeholders apply to mai ntain and improve their reputation when faced with crises. Because information travels quite fast in the contemporary society, crisis management planning has become a useful tool for the gas and oil industry, which is rather crisis-prone. It is, thus, imperative that

Foreign policy of Colombia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Foreign policy of Colombia - Essay Example The economic and political dynamics being experienced in the 21st century have necessitated the need for countries to formulate effective foreign policies defining their relations with their international partners. The liberalization of world market has created the need for countries to form trading blocks in order to safeguard their economic interests. The collapse of the Soviet Union created new political alignments, as different countries attempt to assert their influence in the world. Formulation of foreign policy in such a dynamic world subjects many countries in pragmatic and ideological dilemma, making the process quite challenging. Colombia is not an exception and this paper examines the foreign policy of the Latin American country from 1989 to the present. The first part examines the historical foundation of Colombian foreign policy during the cold war, focusing on its main principles. The second part focuses on Colombian relations with regional and international partners an d finally the changes of country’s foreign policies since 1990. The foreign policy of Colombia has historically been inclined to western and anti communist ideologies during and after the cold war. After the Second World War, the Soviet Union developed immense global influence that spread across all continents including Latin America. This resulted to polarization of global ideologies, between communism and capitalism. The foreign policies of all countries in the world were divided between the two super powers, the capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union. The United States emerged the more dominant power after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Colombian foreign policy was strategically aligned to it.... After the collapse of the Soviet Union, United States emerged as the sole global superpower. Therefore, inclining the foreign policy of Colombia towards the superpower became the most pragmatic approach of ensuring security of its economic and political interests. Since 1989, Columbian dependence on the United States military support and funding has increased considerably (Randall, 141). The economic and security threat posed by persistent internal insurgency in Colombia since 1940s and the effects of illegal drug trafficking in the region played a critical role in orienting the country’s foreign policy towards United States (Randall, 142). Therefore, the high dependence of the country on United States and the desire to uphold the international law has compelled Colombian foreign policy to embrace a multilateral approach to balance its relations with the US and global and regional organizations. United States and the neighboring Latin American countries have historically playe d a critical role in the Colombian politics, security and economy. According to Randall, United States is the largest foreign market for Colombian products. In 2007, Randall (142) noted that Colombia exported goods worth over$9.4 billion to United States and imported merchandize worth over $8.5 billion from the US. The neighboring countries, especially Brazil, Venezuela and Mexico are significant Colombian trading partners. In 2007, the total volume of trade between Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico and Brazil was valued at $4.1 billion, $3.3 billion and $2.5 billion respectively (Randall, 142). In addition, Germany is an important Colombian economic partner with total trade between the two states valued at $1.5 billion in 2007(142). Therefore, economic factors play a crucial role in defining

Reaction paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reaction paper - Assignment Example Social Media has relevance not only for regular internet users, but business as well (Riley, n. d). In the 21st century, social media has become a fast evolving tool of education, social connection, and job procurement. As such, the young and old alike must learn to use social media responsibly. This is ascribed to the fact that social media when used properly can ensure a better future for an individual; however, its misuse can spell academic, professional, and financial disaster. Therefore, this paper aims to present the arguments of academic experts on the significance of responsible use of social media accounts. Several academic experts assert that proper use of social media can help to strengthen the chances of a college student into getting into his preferred college. It will also help the student achieve a type of social life while in college that will help enhance their college learning and living experience. Social media has helped colleges and universities make the college experience more interesting and exciting for their potential and current students through the students responsible use of social media. According to researchers such as Mark Connolly of WCER, students have tightly packed academic schedules throughout the semester. However, that it not to say that the schools do not give the students some time off between classes by hosting social mixers and the like. Due to the sheer volume of students on campus, it is almost impossible to get the information out to all of them. This is where social media steps in as an excellent social connecting tool for students. He explains that social media helps to create enduring relationships between the students by facilitating the social connection of peers. He offers an example of this benefit as: Connecting fellow dorm students through Facebook can help a student overcome the kind of isolation that otherwise might lead

Financial Reporting and Analysis Week 2 Assignment Harnischfeger Case - 1

Financial Reporting and Analysis Week 2 Harnischfeger Case - Assignment Example With the coming in of the straight-line method for financial reporting which is a change that has built on the previously used method which was the principally accelerated method, some level of changes have been recorded on the income of the company. Even though it is described to be insignificant, there has been an upsurge in the reported income of the company by $11.0 million. Into the future, this change will only affect profits positively when the company is able to maintain its current expenditure or is able to keep that also lower than it currently stand (Cao, 2009). The accounting changes that were recorded also affected changes in the depreciation lives, which focused on specific areas of the company’s operations. These included U.S plants, machinery and equipment and residual values on selected items. The effect of this was an increase in net income by $3.2 million for 1984 alone. In the most immediate future, reported profits are expected to go up as a result of this. However, Conrad (2009) also noted that increased income can only be likened to guaranteed profits if expenditure is also low. The current economic assumptions that Harnischfeger’s plant and machinery will last longer and only lose their value slowly can be noted to be justified. This is because of a number of reasons. In the first place, most of the challenges that the business was facing as part of its business conditions in the primary industries are no more. Secondly, the depreciation accounting will now ensure that there is less pressure on plant and machinery, giving room for the lifespan of these to last longer. LIFO liquidation is simply a method of inventory costing that states for last in, first out. LIFO liquidation is noted to take place in situations where current sales are noted to be higher than current purchases, leading to the need to liquidate all inventory that were not sold in the previous periods (Hull and White, 2010). The effect of LIFO liquidation on income

Bipolar World Essay Example for Free

Bipolar World Essay Polarization means the union of like- minded countries into a single homogeneous unit in order to safeguard their national interests. Polarization thus, naturally means that various countries with similar ideas on various problems confronting the world unite around a super power with a view to giving united front. Polarization has been facilitated by the scientific and technological advances under which the world has shrunk in area and distance. In this way, when two centers of power, i.e. two poles appear round which the other countries of the world revolve, the system is known as Bipolar. I would prefer living in a bipolar world order because it tends to reduce international violence. The advantages of bipolar system are: †¢Reduction in Tension With only two world powers, their areas of influence are clearly demarcated. This leads to reduction in tension. In Cold War era, both the Soviet Union and America were concerned with happen ¬ings in different areas of the world. The USA was mostly concerned with America continent and West Europe, whereas the USSR’s sphere of interest was Asia and East Europe. This has led to a solid and determinate balance. Expansion was not so easy, aggrandizement was not a simple work. †¢Leads to balance resulting in peace  In a bipolar system, there are only two rival blocs; competition in every field is relative which keeps the balance, usually resulting in peace. Both the power blocs are equally -or at least similarly- engaged in space race, economic growth, military preparedness, propaganda struggle and domestic issues. â€Å"Policy proceeds by limitation of the other power, with occasional attempts to outflank.† A super power never escapes calculation in terms of international balance and always evaluates the other power’s reaction. By asserting the interests of the two great powers in even minor matters, the balance is sought to be achieved in everything. Neither of the parts can act in a careless manner and this is in favor of stability. †¢Equality of Power  Thirdly, the most important stabilizing factor is the nearly constant presence of pressure and the recurrence of crises. I mean crises are natural and even desirable in a condition of conflict. If crises do not occur, it means that one side or the other is neglecting its own interests. Maintenance of balance will then mean large or small wars. As long as there are only two major powers, the power of both will be almost equal. There will be equal and opposite reaction in crisis instants. (i.e. Cuba Crisis) This will check any one of the two powers to embark on a policy of aggression. †¢Any change anywhere in the world The changes in some parts of the world do not affect the basic position of two powers. Finally, the preponderant power of the two super states means that minor shifts in the balance are not of any great importance. For example, the U.S. lost China due to the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949 and the Soviet Union lost China after Sino-Soviet border conflict in 1962, but neither change dras ¬tically altered the Russian-American balance. The two states were so strong that they could accommodate change easily. The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. confronted each other on almost every issue but none of the issues was of decisive importance and none led to war. To sum up, in addition to advantages, there are also disadvantages of bipolar system, like continuous pressure in international system. Yet, the balance of power always hinders the crises getting more serious. The world witnessed two world wars in thirty years in a multipolar order, but a third world war never happened in almost fifty tense years between 1945 and 1991, the bipolar Cold War era.

Analysis of Robert Frost and Mending Wall

Analysis of Robert Frost and Mending Wall Robert Frost was born Robert Lee Frost in San Francisco, California to Isabelle Moodie and William Prescott Frost Jr. After his father died, his mother moved them to Salem, New Hampshire. Frosts childhood was filled with literature- his mother read Shakespeare, Bible stories, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and other poets and writers aloud to him. Before long he was memorizing poetry and reading books on his own. Frosts high school years were spent in Lawrence, Massachusetts. During high school, Frost became a writer: his poem La Noche Triste, appeared in the high school newspaper. At the beginning of his senior year he fell in love with Elinor White, who had also published poetry in the school newspaper. After graduation and before the summer ended, they pledged themselves to each other in a secret ritual. That fall, Elinor went to St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York, and Frost attended Dartmouth on a scholarship. College life proved to not be for him. Isolated and restless, he quit at the end of December. He hoped that when Elinor came home in April that he could persuade her to drop out as well and marry him, but his efforts proved fruitless and she returned to college. Frost began working as a lamp trimmer in a factory in Lawrence, but quit after a few months to teach and write poetry. At the end of the term, good news greeted him: the New York Independent had accepted My Butterfly: An Elegy, with a stipend of $15. This was Frosts first published poem. After this victory, he once again implored Elinor to marry him, and once again she refused. Eventually, however, she said yes and on December 19, 1895, they were married. Nine months later their son Elliot was born. They both kept working as teachers, and Frost kept publishing poems. In the fall of 1897, thanks to his grandfathers loan, Frost, at age twenty-three, entered Harvard in the hope of becoming a high school teacher of Latin and Greek. In March 1899, however, severe chest and stomach pains combined with worries about his ailing mother and pregnant wife forced him to leave Harvard. Frost gave up teaching and rented a poultry farm in Methuen. Two months later, Elliot, now three years old, fell ill with cholera and died. Frost never forgave himself for not having summoned a doctor in time, believing that God was punishing him. Elinor was devastated, but had to continue to care for their year old daughter, Lesley. Afterward, they moved to Derry, New Hampshire. In the fall of 1911 he was teaching again in Plymouth, New Hampshire. In July 1912, he started making plans for a radical change of scene. He suggested to Elinor that they move to England, and she enthusiastically agreed. On 2 September 1912, the Frosts arrived in London. Before long he was finishing the manuscript of A Boys Will. In October the book was accepted for publication. By April 1913, most of the poems that would constitute North of Boston had been written. In May 1915, North of Boston appeared, to be hailed in June by important reviews. By August, Frosts reputation as a leading poet had been firmly established in England, and Henry Holt of New York had agreed to publish his books in America. By the end of 1914, however, financial need forced him to leave Britain. When Frost and his family returned to the United States in February 1915, he was hailed as a leading voice of the new poetry movement.ÂÂ   In the following year he was made Phi Beta Kappa poet at Harvard and elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Mountain Interval, which appeared in November 1916, offered readers some of his finest poems, such as Birches, Out, Out, The Hill Wife, and An Old Mans Winter Night. Frosts move to Amherst in 1917 launched him on the twofold career he would lead for the rest of his life: teaching whatever subjects he pleased at a congenial college (Amherst, 1917-1963, with interruptions; the University of Michigan, 1921-1923, 1925-1926; Harvard, 1939-1943; Dartmouth, 1943-1949)In 1930 Frost won a second Pulitzer Prize for Collected Poemsthe first had been won by New Hampshireand in the next few years, other prizes and honors, including the Charles Eliot Norton Professorship of Poetry at Harvard. on 26 March 1938, Elinor died and his world collapsed. Four years before, in the wake of their daughter Marjories death, they had helped each other bear the grief. Alone now, wracked in misery and guilty over his sometimes insensitive behavior toward Elinor, he hoped to find calm through his children, but Lesleys ragings only deepened his pain. For some time he continued to teach, then resigned his position, sold his Amherst house, and returned to his farm. In July Theodo re Morrison invited him to speak at the Breadloaf Writers Conference in August. Frosts lectures enthralled his listeners, but at times his erratic public behavior drew worried attention. To the great relief of his friends, Kathleen Morrison, the directors wife, stepped in to offer him help with his affairs. He accepted at once and made her his official secretary-manager. Weeks before, however, Kathleen had called at his farm to invite him to visit her at a nearby summer house. Before long he proposed marriage, but she insisted on secrecy, on maintaining appearances During the 1940s Frost published four new books: A Witness Tree (1942), inscribed To K.M./For Her Part in It, containing some of his finest poems. None but his intimates knew of the decades griefs: his son Carols suicide in 1940, his daughter Irmas placement in a mental hospital in 1947. In the last fourteen years of his life Frost was the most highly esteemed American poet of the twentieth century, having received forty-four honorary degrees and a host of government tributes, including birthday greetings from the Senate, a congressional medal, an appointment as honorary consultant to the Library of Congress, and an invitation from John F. Kennedy to recite a poem at his presidential inauguration. Thrice, at the State Departments request, he traveled on good-will missions: to Brazil (1954), to Britain (1957), and to Greece (1961, on his return from Israel, where he had lectured at the Hebrew University). In the Clearing, Frosts ninth and last collection of poems, appeared on 26 March 1962. On 2 December at the Ford Forum Hall in Boston Frost made his last address and, though admitting he felt a bit tired, he stayed the evening through. In the morning he felt much too ill to keep his doctors appointment. After considerable wrangling, he agreed to enter a hospital for observation and tests. He remained in its care until his death in the early hours of 29 January 1963. Tributes poured in from all over the land and from abroad. A small private service on the 31st at Harvards Memorial Church for family members and friends was followed by a public one on 17 February at the Amherst College Chapel, where 700 guests listened to Mark Van Dorens recital of eleven Frost poems he had chosen for the occasion. Eight months later, at the October dedication of the Robert Frost Library at Amherst, President Kennedy paid tribute to the poetry, to its tide that lifts all spirits, and to the poet whose s ense of the human tragedy fortified him against self-deception and easy consolation. Poem: Plea for tearing down barriers that keep us apart The fact that the narrator continues to help build the wall despite his abhorrence of it suggests the weakness of people in their convictions. Even though people want to change, many times they never have to courage to go against what others say. We create these barriers between us to keep the unknown out because deep down it scares us It is not the natural way to be- nature continuously tries to tear down the wall- even the rounded stones didnt want to support each other and keep the wall up. Sources: Meyer, Bruce. Critical Essay on Mending Wall. Poetry for Students, edited by Mary Ruby, vol. 5, Gale, 1999. Literature Resource Center, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRCsw=wu=mlin_n_bishopv=2.1id=GALE%7CH1420042989it=rasid=249423e618b8705c63388bc86683d232. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017. Frost, Robert (Lee). Merriam Websters Encyclopedia of Literature, Merriam-Webster, 1995. Literature Resource Center, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRCsw=wu=mlin_n_bishopv=2.1id=GALE%7CRN1480003591it=rasid=337b87a12c96fb85f72f64f7ad0fafc5. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017. DeFusco, Andrea , Bruno Leone, and Bonnie Szumski, eds. Readings on Robert Frost. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Print. Squires, Radcliffe. The Major Themes of Robert Frost. N.p.: The U of Michigan Press, 1963. Print.

Effect of inflation and exchange rate on the PPP theory

Effect of inflation and exchange rate on the PPP theory Background The theoretical underpinning for the study of money demand and PPP is standard. The simplest form of the PPP theory suggests that goods market arbitrage enforces parity in national price levels. Hence, converted to a common currency, national price levels should be equal. Law of One Price The foundation of purchasing power parity is grounded in the law of one price. The theory states that barring frictional or complicating factors such as tariffs, taxes, and transportation costs, the price of internationally traded good in one country should achieve the identical price in another country, once the price is adjusted to a common currency. Thus, the economic theory suggests that two long-run relationships could be found: one between domestic prices, foreign prices, and the nominal exchange rate; and another between domestic prices, money, real income, and the nominal interest rate. While we would expect both the real exchange rate and real money demand to be fairly stable in the long run, we would also expect temporary deviations from these two long-run equilibrium to affect future fluctuations in the variables such that the long-run equilibrium are restored. This transformation, as well as some important economic structural reforms, could have arguably affected both the long-run money demand relationship and the real exchange rate, since it led to both some financial deepening (as low-income households gained access to formal banking services to a larger extent), as well as a strong increase in foreign competition, which in turn could have had a one-off effect on the domestic price level. Conceptually, the PPPs are very similar to consumer price indexes. The PPPs are measures of price level differences across space or, in their most popular form, across countries. Because the prices of goods and services in different countries are expressed in national currencies, the purchasing power parity between currencies of two countries, say A and B, is the number of units of currency of country B (or A) that has the same purchasing power as one unit of currency of country A (or B). Though the PPPs are similar to price index numbers in spatial comparisons, they assume special significance because the PPPs can be used as a conversion factor, in place of exchange rates, in converting various economic aggregates from different countries into a common currency unit. The converted aggregates are expressed in a common currency unit, and the aggregates are considered to be real value aggregates devoid of price variations among countries. These real aggregates make it feasible to under take cross-country comparisons and to undertake economic and statistical analyses on global and regional levels. The purchasing power of different currencies is equalized for a given basket of goods. In the relative version, the difference in the rate of change in prices at home and abroad the difference in the inflation rates is equal to the percentage depreciation or appreciation of the exchange rate. The best-known and most-used purchasing power parity exchange rate is the Geary-Khamis dollar (the international dollar). PPP exchange rate (the real exchange rate) fluctuations are mostly due to different rates of inflation between the two economies. Aside from this volatility, consistent deviations of the market and PPP exchange rates are observed, for example (market exchange rate) prices of non-traded goods and services are usually lower where incomes are lower. (A U.S. dollar exchanged and spent in Pakistan will buy more haircuts than a dollar spent in the United States). PPP takes into account this lower cost of living and adjusts for it as though all income was spent locally. In other words, PPP is the amount of a certain basket of basic goods which can be bought in the given country with the money it produces. Regardless, it is important to understand that purchasing power parity is a powerful tool that provides us a common lens by which to view the economic health and condition of different countries. Just as with any tool or device, we must be cognizant of the limitations and weakness of PPP and understand how we can control those limitations within a particular data set. 1.2 Problem Statement There can be substantial and prolonged periods of deviation from relative PPP exchange rates. To understand some of the potential causes for these deviations, it is most fruitful to take a closer look at the more important of the many assumptions we had to make before we could invoke the Law of One Price for individual goods on which PPP is based. Purpose of the Research Study The purpose of the study is to know the effect of inflation exchange rate on purchasing power parity. This research report will help for understanding the Purchasing Power Parity and how its effect inflation, exchange rates will it changes country by country. This study relates to the consequence of PPP in explaining the exchange rates between the currencies of developed countries and of Pakistan. This research is based on the idea that how inflation and exchange rate exerts compels over the purchasing power parity. This report will adheres transpire the mitigations for importers and exporters. In broad sense, this will help the consumer and one interested in importing the products and commodities to estimate that how inflation can aggregate its impacts over their transactions. It will compel the corrosion of the frequent importers and exporters. Whereas, this research report will be beneficial for ones studying or interested in inflation and economy. Corporate and many financial institutions performing the international transaction can mitigate and minimize their risk due to inflati onary pressure over Purchasing Power Parity. 1.4 Research Question What are the effects of inflation over PPP (Purchasing Power Parity?) Effects aggregated in broader sense are negative and positive, whether the purchasing power parity shows its increasing trend or decreasing trend. Positive in the sense that the country can now buy more goods from another country with the same size of currency bucket as compare to later one, whereas, the negative effects indicates the devaluation and limitation of purchasing goods from another country, spending more as compared to previous one. CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE REVIEW As prescribed by the title of the study Effects of inflation and exchange rate over purchasing parity. It is clearly determined that the two adjacent bodies, exchange rate and inflation rate can be jointly counted which can affect the purchasing power parity, The report on integration of Inflation (CPI) and PPP concludes that Consumer price index (CPI) and purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factors share conceptual similarities. The CPI measures changes in levels of prices of goods and services over time within a country whereas PPPs measure differences in levels of prices across countries or regions within a country. Therefore the CPI and PPPs refer, respectively, to the time and spatial dimension of price movements. The consumer price index is one of the most widely used economic indicators, compiled and disseminated by national statistical offices on a regular basis. The CPI measures play a prominent role in monitoring the effects of government policies, particularly monetar y policy, and provide the general public with a measure of changes in the prices of goods and services consumed. Purchasing power parities are defined as the number of currency units required to buy goods equivalent to what can be bought with one unit of the currency of the base country; or with one unit of the common currency of a group of countries. Officer (1982) It is been observed that in most cases it was found at least one co-integrating vector matching PPP. In three cases, the results depended on using the countries interest rates to explain the deviations from the long-run relation implied by PPP theory. However, the application of PPP theory should not be confined to the search for long-run relations: it should also lead to the study of short-run dynamics whereas; the factor of inflation is always to be considered to alter the maximization of effects over purchasing power parity. As per other empirical studies for South Africa, indicates that there exists a stable money demand type of relationship among domestic prices, broad money, real income, and interest rates, as well as a long-run relationship among domestic prices, foreign prices, and the nominal exchange rate. In the short run, shocks to the nominal exchange rate affect domestic prices but have virtually no impact on real output, while shocks to broad money have a temporary impact on real output before becoming inflationary. Both types of shocks seem to trigger a monetary policy response, as the short-term interest rate adjusts quickly. South Africa adopted a formal inflation-targeting framework for monetary policy early in 2000, following less than satisfactory experiences with other monetary policy regimes (such as an exchange rate peg and money growth targeting, during the previous decades. The inflation target was set at 3 to 6 percent by 2002, and transparency and accountability of the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) were enhanced. According to a study the research has determined the facts and the level of relationship between how the inflation can under its stemmed branches i-e WPI, CPI and SPI indices can affect the purchasing power parity and exchange rate. There are few economic theories that have received as much scrutiny as purchasing power parity (PPP) and the determination of long-run real exchange rates. There is a vast empirical literature on these two related subjects presented in the research report. The message which emerges from the existing literature by this report is that it has only a very partial picture of why deviations from PPP are so constant over time. The inability to fully explain the dynamics of real exchange rates stems from the imperfect knowledge of the dynamics of price adjustment and of the fundamental variables driving long-run relative prices in the world economy has been kept as the based foundation in this study. When its added to that an imperfect knowledge of the channels t hrough which non-monetary shocks drive nominal exchange rates in the short run (Anton, 2006). The aim here is not to offer yet another comprehensive review, but to justify the relationship and the emerging affects of inflation on Purchasing Power Parity with the real exchange rates. Exchange rates may change over time in response to a number of different forces. Prominent among these forces are: (i) Domestic compared to foreign inflation rates, (ii) Commercial polices of the Government, including tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, and (iii) International movements of capital and incomes. Anticipating movements in each of the above exchange rates will require analysis of changes in these three critical sets of variables, which often will be causally related to each other. But here in this study the determination is about the changes that can be unveiled through the affects measured in this study. Moreover, it also provides a test of purchasing power parity (PPP) as an explanation for long term foreign exchange rate movements. It essentially extends the analysis of the So uth East Asian nations, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, South Korea and Thailand. It imposes symmetry and proportionality restrictions flowing from the absolute form of purchasing power parity (PPP). The tests are also run for sub-periods with similar results. Symmetry and proportionality restrictions find little support in the unit root tests though the Johansen tests suggest that the foreign exchange rate and inflation rates are linked in a long run sense. Anton, (2006), The description illustrates that there is strong evidence that PPP holds as a long run constraint in countries at a lower stage of economic development and characterized by under developed capital markets. For those countries that has substantial foreign exchange speculation and capital movements, the changes of exchange rate deviate largely from PPP. The research also shows the there is lack of evidence to support the conventional wisdom which predict that a large share of non tradable sector, severe trade restrictions and intensified government intervention in foreign exchange market would lead to a divergence between the exchange rate and PPP. Nevertheless, most of the results are based on the data of the major industrial countries. While developing economics share many common characteristics in terms of exchange rate determination, there are some major differences between the two types of economics. Tang, M, (2005), this is simply the combination or effects gathered due to disturbance in inflation. As per the research, it has to be monitored that how the purchasing power parity is affected due to inflation and apparently the exchange rate. Whenever the inflation has aroused and sounded hyper, the exchange rate had showed a boosted move in the economy portraying the Purchasing Power Parity to decline. On the other hand, when it is said that inflation had decreased, it tends to appreciate the home currency resulting in incline in purchasing power parity because now the one in home country can achieve or being facilitated more if comparing goods from other country. In other words, a country whos PPP had shown an incline can buy more goods from other country as from the factor of inflation and Purchasing Power Parity. Mark J. Holmes., (2001), finds that there is no relation between Purchasing Power Parity confined to high inflation developing countries their techniques use new econometric techniques. Duo Qin Tao Tan., (2008), investigates their study categorized into two types: short-run and long-run common currency shocks. These shocks are used as explanatory variables to model the inflation and intraregional trade growths of the country concerned. The resulting models provide us with a base to simulate and evaluate the counterfactual situation of how much inflation and trade growths would be affected by the removal of these shocks. Methodologically using the approach can be considered as a special case of the latent variable structural models used commonly in behavioral research. First of all, the regional long-run exchange rate variability covariates with the world exchange rate variability a great deal whereas the short-run exchange rate variability is mainly regional specific. Consequently, a currency union would result in reducing the intraregional short-run currency volatility risks without much loss of the regional capacity of assimilating disequilibrium risks from the w orld currency movement. Results: Their dynamic modeling results show that the regional short-run shocks exert significant impact on the inflation and the intraregional trade growths of all the countries studied, overshadowing the impact found of the regional long-run shocks. They also find that the dynamic transmission paths of the regional shocks differ significantly from country to country. These finding makes it an oversimplified statement that smaller countries would benefit more than larger countries from a currency union. The benefit of a currency union is found, however, to be less substantial as far as the model-simulated magnitudes in inflation reduction and trade promotion are concerned. At the regional level, the magnitudes in trade promotion are much larger than the amount of inflation being reduced; at the country level, results vary and, in many cases, the benefits may not to be considered as substantial enough to warrant a vote for the union. Muhammad Zakaria, Eatzaz Ahmad and M.Mazhar Iqbal., (2007), investigates the determination of bilateral nominal exchange rates of Pak-rupee against its twelve major trading partners using standard econometric techniques based on quarterly date for the period 1983-2004. The results shows that nominal exchange rates depend on a number of endogenous and policy variables related to Pakistan and its trading partners. Specifically, fluctuations in nominal exchange rates can be explained by relative inflation rate at home and abroad, both governments monetary policies, terms of trade, trade policies and capital mobility. Their results also show that some controlled form of monetary policy may be useful for maintaining stability in exchange rates. Adnan Haider, Safdar Ullah Khan., (2007), investigates fiscal vis-a -vis monetary determinants of inflation which provide a brief review of some selected domestic and international studies. This review provides us the literature for Pakistan into two sets including studies which used government borrowing as a determinant of inflation and those which have not incorporated this determinant in their model setup. In the case of Turkey, Akcay, Alper and Ozmucur (1996) they investigate determinants of inflation using annual data from 1948 to 1994 vis-a -vis quarterly data from 1987 to 95. Their analysis reveals that a one unit increase in the deficit GNP ratio under money neutrality will increase the long-run inflation by 1.59 units. Also a one unit increase in the deficit GNP ratio under money neutrality will increase the long-run inflation by 5.67 which is much higher than 1.59 for the whole sample indicating greater impact of deficit on inflation during pre-bond financing period. Methodology: Co-integration methodology using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model this paper try to find long run relationship between inflation and volatility in government borrowing from central bank in Pakistan. Results: The fiscal imbalances and weak forecaster for future inflation in economies under study. More specifically, they found that the predicted rise in fiscal deficit scenario in future could possibly impact in an insignificant manner towards increasing inflation in the economy. CHAPTER 03 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Methodology The data that will be used for testing of high inflation and exchange rate on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is of 5 years. Since, to determine the effects on purchasing power parity, various commodities are necessary to be taken into account. In this report, to determine the purchasing power parity Crude Oil will be taken as a commodity. 3.2 Sampling Technique Under the non-Probability sampling, the researcher will use the convenience sampling because to measure the affects any 5 years of data is required, which can be accomplished by convenience sampling technique, predicting as the most appropriate technique for this project. 3.3 Sample Size In this research report one variable is Inflation and researcher took 5 years of Secondary data. And second variable is Exchange Rate and researcher took 5 years of secondary data. 3.4 Data Collection Since this report is based on effects on purchasing power parity due to inflation and exchange rate and according to sample size, 5 years of data will be taken into account. There is a large amount of data that has already been collected by others, although it may not necessarily have been analyzed. Locating these sources and retrieving the information is a good starting point in any data collection effort. Hence secondary data will be used in this report. 3.5 HYPOTHESIS H0: Positive effects due to increase in inflation and exchange rate on Purchasing Power Parity. H1: Negative effects due to increase in inflation and exchange rate on Purchasing Power Parity.

Essay --

After carefully considering the area of both homes, including the crime rate, median home prices, schools in the area, etc, as well as the improvements needed on property A and the ones already done on Property B, I feel that Property A in Chapel Hill, NC would be, in my opinion, a better investment property. If I had a family, were just starting out and could do some of the work myself, this would be a good investment in my future. Chapel Hill was rated in the top ten best places to live, in Money Magazine. It has beautiful weather, nice neighborhoods and lower population per square foot. It also has six, 5 star rated schools in the area and the crime rate for this neighborhood is very low. The town is centrally located with an international airport within 20 miles as well as bus stations within 30 minutes. There is a local transit system as well as taxi's. I also believe this home would have a higher resale value for the long-term, as the median comparable home values in this area , at this time, are around $350,000. I would purchase all new appliances for the kitchen, purchase a new washer and dryer and add new carpet in the bedrooms with ceramic tile throughout the rest of the home. I would add some fresh paint inside and out, as well. Then, I would add some subtle landscaping. The bushes and trees that are already there, are in good shape and are a good start. However, it looks like the lawn needs to be reseeded and the yard could use some color. I would add a couple of rose bushes and some other flowers around the perimeter of the home to brighten things up. I could do it all for about $20k for a total cost of $145,500, if I did all the work myself. If I wanted to go a few steps further, I would add all new bathroom fix... ...in and clean up, tape off and paint all walls and trim, install new cabinets, lighting and fixtures. Then I would go through and lay carpet and tile I had selected. The next step would be to start on the outside of the home and paint all exterior walls and trim. Then I would start reseeding the lawn, planting flowers and handling any other landscaping, like a sprinkler system to water the yard and plants. Finally, with everything fresh and new, I would place the house for rent, for sale or simply move in. Word Choice Word Choice Suggestions Suggestions for improving word choice appear in the text underlined in blue. Select this text to view the tips. [ Previous | Next ] Analysis complete. Select an item below to view the notes associated with that item. Title Checker Spelling Grammar Word Choice Style Vocabulary Words Grade Facebook printable summary report

The Style of Beowulf Essay -- Epic Beowulf essays

The Style of Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Ursula Schaefer in â€Å"Rhetoric and Style† gives an overview of the history of criticism of style:    Examination of the poem’s rhetoric and style started out with investigating common Germanic features. On the other end of the scale, attention was given to a possible Latin influence on the poem’s style. Recently, there have been reconsiderations of authochthonous traditions linked mainly with the analysis of larger narrative patterns (105).    Beowulf ‘s stylistic features will be examined in this essay, along with the perspectives of various literary critics.    T. A. Shippey in â€Å"The World of the Poem† expresses himself on the subject of a point of style in the Old English poem Beowulf: â€Å"The poet reserves the right to say what people are thinking; he does not, however, regard this as ultimately important† (39). It is true that the reader is forced to draw conclusions, from the words and actions of the characters, about the thoughts of the characters. This is one of the many preferences of the author which contribute to the style or â€Å"how† writers say what they say (Abrams 303).    Joan Blomfield in â€Å"The Style and Structure of Beowulf† takes note of two important features of the poem’s style – the irony and the tendency to antithesis:    This tendency to antithesis, frequently verging on paradox, and the constant play of irony are but stylistic manifestations of those movements of the poet’s thought which shape the very stuff of the poem (Blomfield 58).    Antithesis abounds: The poem has a reference to the burning of Heorot included in the description of its first glories, and the prediction of family strife with Ingeld while yet all is well in ... ...oks, 1977.    Donaldson, E. Talbot. â€Å"Old English Prosody and Caedmon’s Hymn.† Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.    Magoun, Frances P. â€Å"Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.†Ã‚   In TheBeowulf Poet, edited by Donald K. Fry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Schaefer, Ursula.   â€Å"Rhetoric and Style.† In A Beowulf Handbook, edited by Robert Bjork and John D. Niles. Lincoln, Nebraska: Uiversity of Nebraska Press, 1997.    Shippey, T.A.. â€Å"The World of the Poem.† In Beowulf – Modern Critical Interpretations, edited by Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987.    Tharaud, Barry. â€Å"Anglo-Saxon Language and Traditions in Beowulf.† In Readings on Beowulf, edited by Stephen P. Thompson. San Diego: Greenhaven Press,1998.      

Learning to Speak: Reflections of a Learner in ENG 100 :: Essays Papers

Learning to Speak: Reflections of a Learner in ENG 100 This summer, after I was informed that I had been offered a teaching assistantship, I was terrified. I was not sure that I was capable of teaching students about a discipline in which I still possessed such a conscious doubt of my own abilities. For most of my life I was what you might call a non-achiever. When my parents strongly suggested that I enroll in college (the other option being to leave the house) everyone around me just sort of held their breath waiting for my inevitable failure. Then a strange thing happened. I passed my classes, and even enjoyed them. I had always wanted to be an English major. In high school it was the only class that I enjoyed. I loved reading and writing about literature. There was something in the words of struggle and sadness that so many authors wrote about that gave my life meaning through a context of the joy and sorrow that are inextricably linked to living. Despite this, when it came time to choose a major in college, I steered clear of English, my thoughts filled with the intimidating associations of stodgy professors who deconstructed every sentence on a page, bantered using esoteric verbs, and deemed students the flawed population, and that they, erudite and pristine, were socially obligated to instill a fraction of their wisdom into these malleable minds of the naÔve, or just plain stupid. I did not want to willingly submit myself to a major where I perceived I would be subjected to daily criticism of my intelligence. Throughout college, I changed majors several times, each time considering English, but turning away for fear of failure. When I graduated, after a period of complete indecision, I decided that I was going back to school and getting a degree in English. This strange, motivating desire to possess an English degree consumed me, and I knew that I had to prove to myself that I was capable of earning this degree. I had to prove to myself that I could overcome this hurdle. It is funny how one obstacle can create in our minds this wall of fear. So much of life is learning to overcome a fear that often dictates our decisions, desires and dreams.

Role of Media

â€Å"Electronic Media† are those communication mediums which are based on electronic or electromechanical means of production and most often distinguished from print media. The primary electronic media sources familiar to the general public worldwide include radio, sound recordings, television, video recording and streaming internet content† . It denotes, â€Å"the main means of communicating with large number of people, especially television, radio, internet and satellite†. The electronic media have four basic functions; to inform, entertain, educate and influence the public opinion.The 20th century can be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of mass communication grew in succession as the century unfolded. Motion pictures arrived on scene in the first decade of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the arena in 1940s, followed by cable television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the perso nal computer gave access to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks through World Wide Web by the 1990s. Types of  Ã‚   electronic mediaRadio. In Pakistan like other developing countries, radio is the major source of information and entertainment due to its reach to the far flung areas and being relatively economical. Broadcasts carry news, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing attraction in the public. Television. TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has become the strongest form of media to perform all four functions, i. e. information, education, influence and entertainment. Internet.Internet is the latest addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic shift in the dynamics and profile of the global information sector. The medium also provides instant access to the largest data bases and archives of infor mation around the world. 1. 6   The media and the ground realities The most critical obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the facts. There are certain realities and electronic media’s mindset and peculiarities, which to some extent are universal.The electronic media is a business, a billion dollar industry and thus its primary motive remains to earn money and not harmonize the society. Due to intense competition in the field of electronic media industry, media has to be competitive; to be â€Å"Exclusive and First†. The electronic media often looks for controversy, sensationalism and negative news to make headlines. In some cases the electronic  Ã‚   media feels that it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for society using its own standards.The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news poor, unreliable and un-imaginative presentation of events and stor ies, ultimately losing the confidence of general public. Introduction of Satellite TV, Cable and Private Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of people. The Government of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of private electronic media which could not be avoided through State controlled TV only.The governmental policies regarding electronic media   took a different direction, to regulate this sector. 1. 7  Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i. e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broadcasters/ cable TV operators. â€Å"This Regulatory Body was established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the following goals in mind†Ã‚   i)  Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment. i)  Enlarge the choice available to the people of Pak istan in the media for news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector concerns, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and national interest. iii)  Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and power to the grass roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and community level. iv)  Ensure accountability, transparency and good governance by optimization of the free flow of information. . SECTION-2 FAULT LINES IN NATIONAL COHESION AND INTEGRATION . 1  What is National Integration? The concept of National Integration is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential spirit of the concept include, â€Å"The creation of a National Political System which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures† , and the creation of a â€Å"Common national consciousness, a common national consensus and a common national i dentity† . These two definitions appear adequate for working purposes as they underline both the political as well as the socio-cultural ingredients of the process of integration.National cohesion refers to the bonds or â€Å"glue† that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The most obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneity of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a cohesive whole. â€Å"The extent of the threat posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of languages, races, religions etc. , depends on a variety of factors but there are basically two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present before a country may be deemed to be faced with a problem of national disunity.    The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces challenges but still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a unity-in-diversit y and there is an ever-growing need to develop a harmonious society. â€Å"The balance sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the past half century has both cost and benefits. Pakistani society has split into class-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other; instead fissures of institutional lag run through them.Its cohesiveness has given way to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and moral consensus†. 2. 2  Fault Lines in National Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan Integration or cohesion is an ideal, â€Å"it is not a thing but a process. It is dynamism ruled by an inner necessity, being guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals leading to a certain direction †. National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization.A cohesive society is mutually supportive community of free individuals, pursuing these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan because of many impeding factors, which originate within the country or influenced by external reasons. It may also be a complex outcome of interaction between the country forces and stresses and influences of global scenario. The socio-political factors and socio-economic factors as listed below have contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration. 2.   Socio-Political Factors Intolerance and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a hierarchical structure and social barriers, further and enforced by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of religion and language is one major source of fractionalization. â€Å"Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval. In the post 9/11 world, the political, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan have been under major internal transformation and intense international scrutiny.Ethnic and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two decades has sharply polarized the society. Various Islamic religious groups jostle violently for power. Religious faith, usually a matter of personal redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a stunning lack of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society. † Constitutional Crisis. The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and amendments in 1973 constitution remained a contentious issue among the federating units since long.The delayed process of reconciliation and agreement, on this only document to govern the state is a serious threat to national cohesion and integration. Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan. Identity crisis prevailing with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of democracy in essence and in dispensation at National level.There are contradictions between national and provincial interests, particularly in matte relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, such provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool. Sectarian Intolerance. The division of society on the basis of sects, tribes, colour and creed gives rise to intolerance towards other sects. The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over emphasis on religious dentities due to that   Pakistani society is facing continuous challenge of terrorism in the name of religion and belief. Political Process and Direction. The directionless political system rarely delivers to the satisfaction of voters. Various derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and national interests and efforts for achievement of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests. The political parties lack democratic norms in their rank and file.Leadership Style and Direction. The political leadership as a whole has failed to satisfy the masses. The trust deficit between the leadership and the people has widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are just a symbol of false pride without much regard for vision and justice. Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have increased the influence of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests. Challenges to the Writ of the Government.The manifestation of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand Division where state infrastructure of governance has been uprooted, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and parallel structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. â€Å"The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have always been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society. These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from within Islam.Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of ‘true believers’ with blind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to display enough Street power to disrupt civil life. Since the war of independence in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department. As a result they have ‘flo urished and proliferated under the exhilarating notion of jihad.The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the unusual terrain that facilitates traffic and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all practical and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes played a vital role in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan. †Ã‚   War against Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges.The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to Pakistan’s commitment with West for fight against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to oblige the West. The suicidal attacks and drone attacks are the result of this involvement. Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter o f concern, people are not free to express their desire to govern. In such circumstances the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. National and regional culture has, at various times, interwoven and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures reassert their autonomy. The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the markers of Pakistan’s social change. †Ã‚   Role of Madrassa.There is little control of government over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately. . 2. 4. Socio – Economic Factors Socio – Economic dispari ties. The poverty and inflation has caused disparities in the society. The people living below the poverty line have increased in number. The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely impacted the quality of life. Bad Governance. Undemocratic & non-participatory governance. . The perception of governance leading to good governance is flouted; concepts of transparency and accountability are misleading in Pakistani experience.The accountability is selective and by choice, its aim is not to reform the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful. The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. Violation of Human Rights. The human rights violation is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the irony remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestow ed by the constitution. The perception of women as having a lower status at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equality and is reinforced by customary practises and the laws of the land. Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision making etc, all reflect the unique situation of women in Pakistan. † Personal Security Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental policies. Loyalty towards State /individualistic behaviour.The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, people’s expectation of justice and fair play are shattered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined. The individualism has replaced collectivism; the bigger societal group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused segmentation on the basis of caste and class   Justice and Rule of law. The justice is uncertain; the rules of game are settled by abuse of power. The respect for justice is linked with status and position of the seeker.The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law breaking is considered as a pride for the powerful. Due to delayed justice people have lost hope in the system to get justice. Violence against Women and minorities  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Many Analysts are in agreement that women’s poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural organization of society†. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and customs and here- say, this victimization is devoid of any ideological, religious and legal and Constitutional basis.The religious minorities are threatened and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security. â€Å"Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focused and active public delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them† Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. â€Å"In Pakistani society, the udiciary plays a pivotal role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its legitimacy and power from the constitution. † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ?SECTION-3 ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN PAKISTAN 3. 1  Electronic media’s impact on Pakistani society In Pakistan the electronic media is providing information at a very large scale. It is being recognized as contributing significantly in important national issues. It has a   role in   accountability process . The Ptv is pursuing an agenda of social responsibility there are two main challenges of sustainability of democracy and good governance face by the country.In such a scenario, role of media is to facilitate the democracy. â€Å"The social impact of communication and media has seeped deep into social and cultural institutions, paradoxically reviving traditions as well as introducing new practices. Like other processes, communication and information media are bound up with other socio- economic forces, thus making them a strong current of social change. †Ã‚   The electronic media has created markets resulting in the employment of greater work force in gathering, processing and disseminating information.The electronic media have a vital role to play in the present day world in Pakistan. The independent electronic media can demonstrate better performance to provide good quality information with its wider reach. â€Å"Private channels highlight causes of mis- governance and bring them to the attention of those who are responsible. They can raise public awareness about what the public itself should also do to ensure good governance whether it is correct payment of taxes and bills or issues such as tax avoidance. Such practices should be discouraged and the media has a duty to learn from other countries how this is being done.Private sector media have an enormous educative and mobilizing role to play when it comes to what society do and certainly with respect to highlighting the social responsibility of the media and the citizens. †Ã‚   â€Å"How does Pakistani society hold together despite its ethnic divisions, segmented classes, and fragmented institutions? What are the processes that maintain its social cohesion? This two-part question raises a critical issue about some semblance of functional equilibrium of society. †Ã‚   The electronic media role ive new direction to social behaviour, â€Å"by changing the boundaries of social situations, electronic media do not simply give us quicker or more thorough access to e vents and behaviours. They give us instead, new events and new behaviour. † Following are some of the roles, both Negative and positive being played by electronic media in Pakistan. 3. 2  Positive impact of electronic media The electronic media direct social change and values. The electronic media may be successful in stimulating the change in the tightly held ideas and rigid attitudes to bring desired change.The media can give direction to social change, and positively guide the society towards the desired goals. The electronic media and   Policy Dialogue. The electronic media can greatly facilitate this exercise and help the people and government to discuss the issues concerning society, to fulfil their desires and achieve their respective objectives. In Pakistan, the people frequently need to be taken into confidence for the initiation of new policies and initiatives. The objective discussion on political and policy issues media can generate support of people for polici es of the government..Social problems and media. The social problems of our society revolve around ignorance, traditionalism and backwardness. The Pakistani society is in transition, social and ethnic issues have become hard, it happens in many societies, but need to be averted in tolerance. It is an established fact that blaming circumstances, whether disorders or external factors, for what is happening for Pakistan is not going to do any good for Pakistan’s survival as a dignified an honourable nation. The electronic media can partly address the challenge of societal transformation.The effect of media on national issues. The electronic media has also been highlighting financial irregularities, corrupt practices and inefficiencies of the government functionaries and negative fallouts on the society of the acts of the extremist elements to adopt an appropriate strategy for their eradication. â€Å"The media have a measurable effect on public affairs. In the matter of local, national, economic and social issues, they help to create an informed citizenry by clarifying the complex matters of public affairs which exist at the local and national levels.The formation of public opinion towards the civic problems is generated. †Ã‚   As such the media give the public a better understanding of these issues with which it must deal and influence those who have to resolve these issues. Electronic media communication and information Identification of social problems has always been a difficult job as they fall into a grey area and consequently hard to be known. â€Å"Advances in communication and information dissemination, such as television, videos, Internet, and CDs, have increased the circulation of ideas, symbols, and images across national and regional borders.People have access to new sources of news, facts, and entertainment. These media help rationalize, redirect, or impede changes that are underway through economic and social development. † 3. 3  Negative impact of electronic media Objectivity and Electronic Media. The objectivity of media is becoming increasingly questionable, the coverage of issues of national interest demand care and restraint. The media in Pakistan is devoid of objectivity, and just telecast such incidents that sometime are not factual. â€Å"The very nature of media is subjective and selective, and therefore suppressive.The general electronic media content do cover non-event-centric aspects of life in Pakistan. There is an imbalanced fixation with events, incidents, accidents and statements. † In order to improve their ratings and enhance viewers ship, the tool of sensationalism is used. What is important is to think as to what is being done to own sensibilities and social and moral values. Causing Desperation amongst Nation. These days no news is good news on Pakistani media. Media has taken away the sense of hope from the masses and has made them over sensitive to their surroundings.Commer cialism and Electronic Media. In today’s world, there is a cross commercialization of the electronic media. Commercially driven, ultra-powerful media primarily serves their sponsors rather than the public. Pakistani media is following the saying, ‘We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art; we have no obligation to make a   positive statement, to make money is our only objective. Electronic Media and Talk Shows   Generally the talk shows do not meet basic tests of responsible journalism; fairness, objectivity, balance and differentiation between fact and speculation.Honest discussion must be ruled by reason, not emotion alone. Most anchors try to impose their own perspective, instead of objectivity. â€Å"However, unfortunately, this role has moved from delineation to distortion. In essence, distortion is in-built into the very nature of media as it is unable to represent totality of given situation. Therefore, media managers in any on going situation in a society should strive to minimize that inherent tendency to distort. †Ã‚  Ã‚   Polarisation of the Society.In some instances, the electronic media is accessed by a small segment of society; due to vested interests this group projects its identity disproportionately. The media coverage of such groups is likely to create a  Ã‚   polarized society. Negative Projection of the Country. All events and happenings in Pakistan are not bad. On the contrary sometime nothing positive is discussed in the electronic media. The projection of crimes and anti- social elements all the time is eroding and diminishing the contours of our true identity across the globe. Pursuance of Foreign Agenda.It is believed that some of Pakistani media has reportedly links with shady foreign characters, are being funded by different foreign elements and their anchors are on their pay rolls and thus are furthering their anti- state agendas. ======================= PREFACE Being participa nt of 92nd   National Management Course   at the National Management College of the National School of Public Policy, Lahore, I am assigned the topic of Individual Research Paper titled, â€Å"Growth and Development of Electronic Media in Pakistan: How it can Enhance National Cohesion and Integration? . The growth of electronic media over past few decades is very rapid in Pakistan. The media can impact public opinion in a significant manner. In Pakistan the national integration and cohesion, is indeed a serious issue, which needs to be analyzed. The media’s extraordinary growth can impact this problem. The media is being considered as a fourth pillar of the state. . In this study a sincere effort has been made in a comprehensive but concise way to analyze the dimensions of â€Å"fault lines† in national cohesion and integration that occurred during the last over 60 years.The role of electronic media to enhance the national cohesion and integration has been analyze d in this study. The same has been analyzed in historical, socio-political, socio-economic, governance and leadership context. From this analysis, a starting point, as I perceive can be made to think various aspects concerning national cohesion and integration. In the end the analysis is concluded and some  Ã‚   recommendations have been made. . I am grateful and deeply indebted to professional guidance extended by Dr.Sikander Hayat, Dean National School of Public Policy, for his encouragement at all stages in carrying out this research and making it possible. I am grateful to Mrs. Rashida Bokhari for her vision and hard work in guiding me on the theme of the paper during the process. She was always critical but professional in her outlook that enabled me to complete this research as per requirements. I am thankful to Prof. Sajjad Naseer and Dr Riffat S. Hussain, for sharing socio political outlook and focused in depth analysis of Pakistani Society. I am also grateful to Ms. Naeem a and her team for the assistance extended for library research.