CHAP13 Essay Example

CHAP13 Paper TRUE/FALSE. The text setting in Alleluia, O virga mediatrix is mostly syllabic ANSWER: FALSE The text Alleluia, O virga mediatrix is from which portion of the Mass? a) the Ordinary b) the Proper B. THE PROPER The texts of the Mass service that are specific to a particular feast day are called the Ordinary false FEASTS OF THE MASS ARE SPECIFIC TO THAT FEAST Which era does this chanson exemplify? a) Ars antiqua b) Ars nova B. ARS NOVA Which statement is NOT true about medieval instrumentalists? They performed only music written specifically for instruments. The medieval French chanson can be described as a secular vocal composition set to a courtly love poem. TRUE The liturgy refers to the set order of services and structure of each service. TRUE. SERVICES TO THE CHURCH. Instrumental music in the Middle Ages was generally improvised rather than played from notation. TRUE Music performed with exchanges between a soloist and chorus is called: responsorial singing Puis quen oubli has no repeated musical sections. FALSE. Puis quen oubli form, IS a basic musical idea the theme is repeated over and over Machauts Puis quon oubli is best classified as: secular music WROTE LOVE SONGS The two main services for the Roman Catholic Church are the daily Offices and the Mass. TRUE Troubadours, medieval poet-musicians from the southern region of France, belonged to: mainly the upper classes and the aristocracy. Most surviving examples of Gregorian chant are anonymous. TRUE A unique feature of Hildegards chant is her occasional use of an upward leap of a fifth, lending an expansive feel to the musi TRUE The text of Machauts chanson tells of courtly love The medieval motet can be characterized as a polyphonic vocal composition, either sacred or secular. true One of the most important forms of polyphonic music fromc 1250 to 1750. Puis quen oubli is in a triple meter with gently syncopated rhythms True Machauts music is rich in affective harmonies, syncopated rhythms, and interplay between double and triple meters. Hildegard was known for all the following EXCEPT: her historical writings about the saints. The vocal range of Puis quen oubli is low, best suited for mens voices true Gregorian chant features regularly phrased melodic lines supported by instrumental accompaniment false The repeated text and music heard in Machauts chanson is: the refrain. Early notation used neumes, little ascending and descending signs written above the words that suggested the shape of the melodic line TRUE NEUMES, are the basic elements of Western and Eastern systems of musical notation prior to the invention of five-line staff notation. The word neume is a Middle English corruption of the ultimately Greek word for breath (pneuma The poems of the troubadour and trouvà ¨re repertory include: a) political and moral songs. b) love songs centered on the idea of unrequited love c) Both a and b. a) political and moral songs. b) love songs centered on the idea of unrequited love c) Both a and b. C. BOTH A AND B In which poetic form is Machauts chanson set A. rondeau The rondeau form calls for a rigid pattern of repetition of verse and refrain, Hildegards chant Alleluia, O virga mediatrix was intended for performance on a feast day for the Virgin. TRUE To which category of medieval instruments do the sackbut and shawm belong? loud (haut) instruments sackbut The sackbut is a trombone from the Renaissance and Baroque eras shawm=The shawm was a medieval and Renaissance musical instrument of the woodwind family made in Europe from the 12th century (at the latest) until the 17th centurY The chants of the church used only the major and minor scale patterns found in later music false A single line melody that consists of a sigle line melody that is monphonic in texture and lacks harmony and counterpoint is know as ? Gregorian chant or Plain chant What are the three main groups of chant melodies Syllabic-one note sung to each syllable of text Neumatic: a small group of up to 5-6 notes sung to a syllable melismatic. long groups of notes set to a single syllable of text modal Western use of a variety of scale patterns or mode. The adjective modal refers to various melodic and harmonic types Series of services offered throughout the day at monasteries and convents Offices what are two of the are divided into two types offices and the mass Collection of prayers that make up the mass falls into what two categories Proper-texts that vary from day to day Ordinary-texts that remain the same in every mass

Molecules Shine Individually on Camera Essays

Molecules Shine Individually on Camera Essays Molecules Shine Individually on Camera Essay Molecules Shine Individually on Camera Essay In a scientific discipline intelligence article by the Department of Energy. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. an advanced find on a certain combination of technique for analyzing single molecules undergoing reactions was presented. The article entitled Electron Give-and-take Lets Molecules Shine Individually on Camera was really adopted from an article in the journal Chemical Communications by Chenghong Lei and Dehong Hu. The original rubric of the diary article was Single-molecule Fluorescence Spectroelectrochemistry of Cresyl Violet. Basically. the article reports a new technique of analyzing the negatron transportation reactions of molecules. Through the usage of the new combination of techniques. scientists have found a manner of sing single molecules as the reaction returns which was traditionally impossible. Due to this discovery. scientists can now carry on further research to modify and even make proteins that possesses maximal reaction rates which could bring forth more energy than their opposite numbers ( DOE 2008 ) . Electron transportation reactions are important in the vitalizing procedures that occur in workss and animate beings. They are responsible in bring forthing energy every bit good as prolonging the life of an being such as in photosynthesis. To understand how such negatron transportation reactions occur. it is possible that chemists and applied scientists can happen ways on how to animate such maximum energy coevals which is typical of nature’s negatron transportation reactions ( DOE 2008 ) . In visible radiation of these attempts. there have been several techniques of detecting the mechanisms behind the reactions of biomolecules. One of these techniques is fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry. However. although fluorescence has been of great aid in the field of chemical science. like other traditional techniques it merely allows for the observation and analysis of majority molecules. Therefore. in hunt for a method of analysing single molecules. scientists at the Pacific Northwest National Library have devised an instrument wherein the power of making electric Fieldss to originate reactions and that of concentrating into a individual molecule was developed ( DOE 2008 ) . This was successfully done by uniting fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry with that of single-molecule fluorescence microscope. Using the new instrument. scientists so studied negatron transportation reactions in single instances. They have found that although bulk of the molecules undergo negatron transportation reactions. there are some single molecules that contradict the manner other molecules behave. Upon fluorescence utilizing cresyl violet dye. some molecules that should hold been lit were non while upon taking the electric current. some molecules continued to give of fluorescence where they should hold blinked off ( DOE 2008 ) . Such discovery therefore history for the bomber maximal energy coevals of some reactions that occur. Using the same instrument. scientists can now happen out why these peculiar molecules behave in such a manner. To command the reactions could so be a great advantage for many of our chemists ( DOE ) . Further surveies are now being conducted to accomplish this end. The merger of two of import instruments used in chemical science and microbiology was really a fresh part to both Fieldss. Basically. fluorescence spectroelectrochemistry is a technique used by chemists to pull strings reactions in their survey of the mechanisms molecules follow whereas single-molecule fluorescence microscopy is employed in microbiology for the survey of fluorescent micro-organisms. By uniting the two techniques. new research ventures can now be accomplished both in the Fieldss of chemical science and microbiology. Furthermore. the advanced instrument has someway created a span between the two Fieldss of scientific discipline. one of which is chiefly concerned with the minute elements of the abiotic universe while the other is concerned with the minute elements of the biotic universe. The information about the new combination of instrument is rather utile. Having learned of this new setup. it is so possible that future enterprises that might be undertaken by the readers employ the usage of the device. Furthermore. the informations obtained from the negatron transportation reactions up near is an first-class account of why molecules generate as much energy merely as they are able to. The program of scientists to spread out the survey is besides really interesting since it will clear up why molecules behave the manner they do. The reader could state that the information is converting every bit good as organized. Although there are no elaborate descriptions of the consequences of the survey. the presentation of the valuable results is meaningful and dependable. This is due to the fact that the article is an version of a dependable diary article. However. it would hold been more piquant if the scientists include some informations tabular arraies. graphs or images on the behaviour of the single molecules that were studied alternatively of generalising the information presentation. The article is extremely recommended to people in the field of biofuels research. As has been mentioned in the article. if applied scientists will happen out how to command the behaviour of molecules during negatron transportation reactions. they may increase the energy generated by biofuels by using the maximal bound of each single molecule ( DOE 2008 ) . By making so. applied scientists will obtain a big sum of energy with the least natural merchandise input increasing efficiency and production every bit good as take downing costs and disbursals. Mentions DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. ( 2008. September 24 ) . Electron Give-and-take Lets Molecules Shine Individually on Camera. ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 27. 2008. from http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/09/080925094. htm.

Micro economics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Micro economics - Term Paper Example Minimum wage is also controlled by local and state governments, which implies that different states in the US may have different statutory minimum wages. While the statutory minimum wage has significant benefits on workers, it is nevertheless known to have some economic effects on businesses, local employment, and individuals. This paper entails minimum wage in the United States and the associated effects. By July 2009, the US federal government had set an overall minimum wage of at least $7.25 per hour. On the contrary, some municipalities and states in the same country had set minimum wage levels slightly higher than the federal government statutory minimum wage level. In the Washington State for instance, the minimum wage level was set at $9.32 per hour by January 2014 (Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, 2014). Connecticut passed legislation in 2014, on March 26, that advocated for the raise of minimum wage to $10.10 from $8.7 by 2017. It was the first state in the United States to address the call by President Obama to increase minimum wage in the country. Further, Seattle City Council, in Washington passed an ordinance on June 2 2014 to increase the city’s minimum wage to $15 per hour (New York Times Editorial Board, 2014). This legislation placed the city in the topmost position regarding the highest minimum wage in the entire country. The overall minimum in the United States wage has remained as $7.25 since it was re-set in 2009, specifically on July 24. This increase was basically the third and the last step of the US Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, which had become a low in 2007, on 25th May. It was held by the Supreme Court that this federal minimum wage was constitutional and hardly exceeds the Commerce Cause’s scope in the United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ( U.S. v. DARBY, 312 U.S. 100 (1941) ). Nevertheless, some of the U.S.

Deontological Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Deontological Ethics - Essay Example This project aims to shed more light on deontology and virtue ethics, which are some of the principles on which philosophy is founded. The term deontology is derived from two Greek words: Deon, which means duty and logos, meaning study. Contrary to aretaic theories that normally focus on the character and personality that is instilled within us, deontology is based on the deontic theories which normally guide and asses some of the decisions that we make in our day-to-day activities. In making such decisions; nevertheless, we are expected to take into consideration the aspects of the society that are morally required, morally forbidden and are morally permitted. Concisely, we can refer to deontology as the moral aspects of our life that guides some of the decisions that we make. Deontological theories can be classified into several categories, which range from agent-centred, patent-centred, contractarian, as well as deontological theories based on Kant. The agent-centred theories hold the belief that decisions should normally be made based on objective reasoning (Burnor and Raley 426). The patent centred theories, on the other hand, argue that decisions should normally be based on the rights of various people within the society. In as much as some aspects of these theories are different, they share the ideology that choices cannot always be justified by their effects. This is to imply that no matter the moral outcome of some decisions, they should not be carried out. Unlike consequentialism, which does not take into consideration some of the aspects of society, the deontological theories have largely been appreciated. It is because they provide those who are involved in the decision-making process to consider various aspects within the society including friends, family members as well as some of the projects that are being undertaken by the community. Similarly, scholars have often argued that the deontological theories are not too demanding. This is

Face Book Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Face Book Dilemma - Essay Example The chapter focuses on the unique features of e-commerce, the digital markets and digital goods. Authors Laudon and Laudon discussed how the internet has transformed the way consumers value products and services accessed through the web and its effect on business models. The case, Facebook’s dilemma exemplified an application of e-commerce, as it has been defined as â€Å"a social networking website that was originally designed for college students, but is now open to anyone 13 years of age or older. Facebook users can create and customize their own profiles with photos, videos, and information about themselves. Friends can browse the profiles of other friends and write messages on their pages†. The term e-commerce is revealed to include â€Å"business activities that are business-to-business, business-to-consumer, extended enterprise computing (also known as "newly emerging value chains"), d-commerce, and m-commerce. E-commerce is a major factor in the U.S. economy be cause it assists companies with many levels of current business transactions, as well as creating new online business opportunities that are global in nature†. The opportunities for interface and the ability to generate interconnections through friends, colleagues, users, organizations and commercial enterprises make Facebook conducive to enhance e-commerce applications, including solicitation of advertisements, promotions and investments at various fields of endeavors.

Implications For Integrated Marketing Communications Marketing Essay

Implications For Integrated Marketing Communications Marketing Essay The rise of social networking over the last two decades has revolutionized communications and information management for thousands of companies all over the world. One of its most powerful effects is the near-instantaneous and influential spread of personal opinion across vast distances, time and space through virtual means. Social network communities, especially, have emerged in recent years as one of the most influential forums for consumers opinions, allowing almost anyone who is connected to the Internet to influence brand perceptions and consumption (Vogt and Knapman, 2008; see Blackshaw, 2008). The rise of this phenomenon in the age of social media and Web 2.0 has been described as one in which key types of personalities engage with digital media in order to influence public and political opinion (Ecclestone and Griseri, 2008). Whether they are called influencers, connectors, salespeople or mavens (ibid., 2008), we are undoubtedly living in a time when marketers have to take the power of peer-generated opinion seriously, particularly in a Web 2.0 environment. The implications of social media communities continue to concern marketers and marketing strategy in a fluid, porous and dynamic online environment. This is an environment in which the traditional rules of controlled media, carefully-executed strategies and market/customer feedback research and analysis no longer hold, at least not the same extent as they have done in the 1970s and 80s. Today, social media networks permeate virtually all realms of marketing and can have a powerful influence upon how consumers perceive and consume brands. The effects can be highly positive or corrosive, depending on how companies manage online word-of-mouth (Jones, Temperley and Anderson, 2009). The rise of massive brand communities (Ouwersloot and Odekerken-Schroder (2008) is also a matter of concern for marketers because of their cult status among consumers. Fans of Harley-Davidson motorbikes, for instance, of Apple devices, drive sales and revenues for the respective companies. They When it comes to planning, designing and executing an Integrated Marketing Communications campaign (hereafter referred to as IMC), therefore, social media can prove to be both simple and complex. It is worth stating that textbook accounts of it often do not delve sufficiently into how newer technological developments like social networking affect its operations and eventual success or failure. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to provide a critical examination of how social networking has thrown up new challenges for marketing communications and to examine some solutions in the literature. The rest of this paper is structured as follows. I first put forward some of the mainstream and traditional conceptualisations of marketing communications and current discussions of its significance for branding as well as its pitfalls for unwary companies and consumers. Next, I discuss some of the implications of social media networks for IMC. Some examples follow. Finally, I examine the implications of my discussion, identify a couple of limitations of this paper and propose fruitful avenues for future research. Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC): Definitions and Conceptualisations Although there are a number of elements to marketing communications including visual logos, corporate communications, promotions, advertising and sponsorship, just to name a few there is widespread agreement among marketers and marketing academics alike that these elements have to be brought together in order to achieve cost efficiencies, synergies in resource utilisation and for a consistent and compelling overall message to be offered to a range of stakeholders, including, but not limited to, the end-customer (Schultz, 2008). In other words, integrated communications can be defined as the notion and the practice of aligning symbols, messages, procedures and behaviours in order for an organisation to communicate with clarity, consistency and continuity within and across formal organisational boundaries (Christensen, Firat and Torp, 2008: 423). The process of IMC planning can be broken down into discrete stages, although some of these overlap in practice . There can be broken down as follows in terms of the SOSTAC Model (Roberts, 2006): Situation Analysis (where are we now ?) Objectives (where do we want to go?) Strategy (how do we get there?) Tactics (what steps do we take to get there?) Action (implementing the steps of action) Control (reviewing and monitoring the strategy against stated objectives) Although there are a number of different models in the literature, this conventional paradigm for IMC is still regarded as a kind of textbook model for how to do IMC. It is a fairly linear process, as the outline above shows. According to this framework, the marketing manager would perform an analysis (typically a SWOT analysis) which breaks down a companys performance into its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (from the environment, other competitors, and so on). Following this step, the marketer would identify key goals and objectives to drive the marketing campaign forward in terms of sales, revenues, return on investment, and/or other drivers of success. In traditional terms, these metrics typically include projected and actual sales. In the online environment, however, corporate reputation is far less able to be planned and controlled in this way and sales now takes on complex meanings. Tactics is next. These traditionally include sales tactics, sales promotions (using brochures, flyers, exhibitions at trade events, advertising and other forms of offline marketing communications). Companies then take actions which lead to desired outcomes. Finally, companies (under the traditional model) monitor and review progress of these tactics against stated objectives. This entire model of IMC is being revolutionised by the emergence of social media and social networking. In terms of tactics, the game has changed. Instead of relying on expensive (and sometimes ineffective advertising) or on sponsorship of events (which can prove politically contentious and generate negative press), a number of global companies choose instead to invest heavily to boost corporate reputation through their their web presence. Global companies such as Toyota and IBM have dedicated corporate Facebook accounts for customers and members to interact and share their user-experiences online. These brand communities perform several valuable functions for companies: they are, firstly, an effective way to test the waters before new product launches, secondly, a way to get instantaneous feedback from potential users, thirdly, a good platform to communicate directly with diverse users and last, but not least, a kind of public relations exercise to generate positive word-of-mouth f or the company (Lee, Cheung and Sia, 2006). However, it is only logical to expect that social media networks can also pose dangers for unwary companies and do damage to their brands. We now turn to these social networks to see how they function. Online Social Networks Online social network communities, such as online customer forums and chatrooms, have a powerful effect on its participants and even on casual visitors. Research has shown that people have a high propensity to trust online testimonials and user-generated feedback generated through word-of-mouth (WOM) communication (Sweeney, Soutar and Mazzarol, 2008). Positive WOM can be a useful and even profitable avenue of additional revenues for a companys products and services; even more significant is the fact that it can force companies to change unethical practices or their processes, including supply chain procurement and management, labour management practices, right down to accounting and financial reporting measures. Social media also make it easier for companies to do market research (Precourt, 2008), especially after certain crucial events, such as product launches, product updates and so on. Microsoft is an example of a company that relies on such media to improve its products but many technology companies now use these methods to collect valuable market data. On the other hand, there is certainly a dark side to social media for brand communications. It has been noted that consumers today enjoy unprecedented levels of consumer sovereignty (Hollenbeck and Zinkhan, 2006). Given the vast amount of information available over the Internet and increasingly vocal and powerful citizen-led lobbies and activist groups such as Greenpeace and so on, even governments sit up and take notice. The trend towards the democratization of opinion has been conclusively proven in the West but also increasingly in many other parts of the world. Social Networks, Brand Impact and Marketing Communications Based on the above discussion, social networks have a range of interesting impacts upon how brands are perceived and consumed. This section examines some pertinent examples of how social media can positively and negatively impact IMC. Positive and Negative Impacts As discussed earlier in this paper, the traditional notion of IMC was that it would be controlled and organized at a profound level (Christensen et al., 2008). Two key elements come into operation in IMC planning: consistency and control. Let me discuss each of these elements in turn. First: consistency in IMC is emphasized repeatedly in the literature as being of paramount importance for any firm seeking to run a successful campaign. That is to say, every element of the marketing chain (from the consumers first becoming aware of the brand to the actual purchase and post-purchase evaluation) needs to be coordinated to ensure a successful outcome for the consumers experience of the brand. This alone is hard enough for many companies to achieve: what adds to the complexity today is that the consumer then goes online, types in her or his comments on the purchase, the brand, and so on and either reports a good or a bad experience with it. This aspect of the brand experience still needs more research, in my view, but there are already myriad examples of what it can to brand reputation. Second: in more traditional contexts, marketing communications would be organised or influenced heavily either by an individual, a set of individuals or a divisional/team function. In social media/networking, there is no obvious or identifiable owner of such communications. There is no way to trace back opinions to an original source. It has become apparent, however, from recent developments, that companies and governments are prepared to take a stand against the anonymity afforded by the Internet. The recent furore over WikiLeaks, for instance, is a case in point. Although its founder, Julian Assange, intended WikiLeaks to be a wholly anonymous organization, he has, in fact, come to the forefront of public consciousness as a celebrity of sorts, hunted and wanted by different national jurisdictions on a number of charges, including sexual assault and treason. Other examples can be cited of the double nature of social media and its uses for marketing communications. Further Examples The implications of my discussion so far for brands are numerous. I have already provided some examples of the implications of social media for marketing research and data collection purposes, but further examples would make the point even clearer. A recent example of how Kenneth Cole, the well-known American brand of shoes and clothing, tried to use Twitter to generate publicity using the recent political unrest in Egypt shows how easy it is for companies to receive a backlash from appearing to be insensitive to groups and people. According to the site, Nancy Myrland, the brand manager of Kenneth Cole made a joke about the Egyptian crisis, saying that protesters must be on the streets because they had heard about Coles most recent collection (Lacy, 2010). Such an attempt at humour completely backfired upon the company and the brands reputation suffered one of its worst crises in years as a result. Although it would be difficult to measure the impact of such an incident upon Kenneth Coles long-term reputation, its short-term brand image certainly suffered. Another example is that of personal or celebrity brands. Facebook, Youtube and Twitter have greatly increased the influence of celebrities like Stephen Fry, Elizabeth Hurley and any number of Hollywood stars, sports celebrities and so on and so forth. Even the Queen has reportedly taken to using tweets to communicate her thoughts. In a world saturated by images, celebrities have become powerful brands in their own right through social media. This is an example of the power of instant communications and Word-of-Mouth advertising of products endorsed by celebrities (see Smith et al., 2007). Conclusion and Future Research In summary, I have identified and analysed some of the implications of social media/networking for brands and marketing communications. This paper has not been able to analyse some of the impacts in-depth due to the constraints of time and word limits nor has it been able to convey the scope and range of key social media developments today. The field is still developing and this paper has tried to convey some of the key issues surrounding the impact of social media on brands. Future research could include more detailed case studies or empirical research to track and monitor the effect of social media upon companies over a period of time (longitudinal studies). Even more interesting would be focus groups or action research taking place in young, start-up companies which want to use social media platforms to initiate their brand campaigns, rather than using it as an add-on after trying traditional media or as a supplement to traditional media. While there is certainly a place and time for more traditional communications channels, I hope this paper has made inroads into showing the potential benefits and dangers of this powerful medium.

Cultural Awareness in Counselling Practices Essay

I have chosen to focus this assignment on the Aboriginal and Vietnamese cultures. I hope to be working in an area which will have these two cultures as the dominant groups. The reason I have focussed on Vietnamese refugees instead of the culture of Vietnam as a whole is that the facility I hope to work in has refugees as its main client group. I will give an overview of my research into how best to work in a counselling relationship with people from Aboriginal and Vietnamese cultures, ensuring that I am as culturally sensitive and aware as possible. Aboriginal culture and counselling: Most research indicates that cultural barriers are the major reason why Aboriginal people are discouraged or dissuaded from using the mental health service. As practitioners, counsellors have often failed to identify, acknowledge and recognise the central role of Indigenous culture. Historically, there has been a long period of mistrust among the Aboriginal people and white Australians. Federal governments for much of the twentieth century developed paternalistic policies and practices that regarded the removal of children from Aboriginal families as essential for their welfare. Continuing statutory responsibilities for the protection of children have made many Aboriginal women fear approaching the Department of Family and Community Services for assistance, especially in domestic violence and child abuse issues. It is a fact that Aboriginal people have and continue to experience being discriminated against by white Australians. A large socio-economic gap exists between white Australians and Aboriginal people. Despite there having been recorded experiences of both Aboriginal counsellors and non-Aboriginal counsellors attempting to keep Aboriginal clients engaged in the mental health service, it is evident that some Aboriginal clients may only turn up for one or two sessions but drop out of the system. The possible factors behind their lack of motivation to keep engaging in counselling service may lie in the means of assistance they are looking for. The problems of engaging Aboriginal clients in mental health services exist mainly because mainstream services have not provided relevant responses to their crisis situation. Aboriginal clients would first seek practical assistance such as refugee accommodation and food, and they would also seek assistance from their families, extended families or their own communities. Aboriginal people have retained strong kinship ties and extended family commitments. As in traditional times, Aboriginal people feel a great obligation to their kinship ties. The extended family will always be first in helping if there is a crisis or even a slight problem. Only when they cannot get enough or suitable help from their extended family or their own community, will they turn to outside help or support. There are particular issues to be aware of when working in a counselling role with Aboriginal clients. For example, it is not suitable to refer to a dead person by name and Aboriginal people view hallucination or delusion as spiritual experience not necessarily as symptoms of mental illness. Eye contact is considered offensive to Aboriginal people. Making eye contact (particularly with some one of the opposite sex) is shaming. Gender rules within Aboriginal cultures are important and must be respected whenever possible regarding intervention. Ideally, women staff should work with women and male staff should work with men. Women may feel embarrassed talking to male staff and men may feel shame if helped by female staff. In building a trust with Aboriginal people, most Aboriginal people would prefer to work with an Aboriginal worker regarding their problems. However situations may arise where clients may know or be related to an Aboriginal worker. They may feel shame or be restricted through kinship rules in discussing personal problems with them. Fear that the worker will breach confidentiality with the local community may be another concern. Where possible, clients should be given the choice of both Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal workers. Aboriginal clients will usually take the initiative in seeking assistance when a crisis emerges, such as domestic violence or services being disconnected, or having no money to buy food and other essentials for their children. Aboriginal people would first consider practical forms of assistance, such crisis care, financial assistance, medical services, accommodation, food when a domestic problem arises. This sort of assistance is what they really need and want, not just â€Å"talk therapy†. Before they can sort out their basic living problems, they may not have the capacity or attention to deal with other psychological issues. Once Aboriginal clients have settled down and can take a calmer approach to their predicament, it still does not guarantee they will stay with the mental health service. It is not uncommon that once they have solved a problem, they will feel it not necessary to remain a part of the service but may come back a few months later for help when another issue arises. If mental health service workers, for example, have patiently developed a good relationship or rapport with them, counsellors can take advantage of this by reminding their clients of the good they can do when relationships or domestic situations are at risk. The ability of counsellors to invite clients to talk about their problems may make it possible to explore other problems. Aboriginal clients’ particular issues or crises may be linked to other problems, such as child abuse, alcoholism, mental health, unemployment and parenting problems. It is crucial for counsellors to build a trusting relationship with the Aboriginal community. A relationship that is simply based on â€Å"talk therapy† will not work for Aboriginal clients. Counsellors need to know where to get practical assistance for Aboriginal clients. Otherwise, Aboriginal clients may only turn to those services that they feel can really assist them. A counselling service that provides support and practical assistance can become a meaningful referral point within the Aboriginal community. Vietnamese refugees and counselling: My research found that there are three recommended points of entry for developing trust and rapport with Vietnamese refugees. These are: Self- presentation of the Counsellor; Approaching the problem and Working through an Issue. Self Presentation of the Counsellor: The style and presentation of the counsellor could be described as ‘being a friend’ to the traumatised client. ‘Being a friend’ does not at all mean shedding the professional counselling role with boundaries and ethics, but rather means that counsellors dealing with these clients should be caring, sharing and acting as a true friend would normally be. Communicating caring to Vietnamese clients is being friendly, warm, interested in family, attentive to concerns raised, being an empathic listener, trying to understand and respond to non-verbal communications, and being ready to assist with practical matters. Presenting ‘as a friend’ also means that counsellors may initially have to share, or disclose, a little more about themselves than usual. This is often necessary to put Vietnamese clients at ease and win their trust. Another dimension of being a ‘friendly’ counsellor is being a ‘friend in need’. Many counsellors of Indochinese refugee clients have found it vital to assume multiple helping roles and to be actively involved in providing them with practical assistance or concrete services that provide immediate results, before engaging them in dealing with past trauma or in making important self-disclosures. Approaching a problem: The success of establishing trust and rapport with Vietnamese clients is not only dependent upon the way that counsellors present themselves as described above, but also upon the way they approach a problem. Within Vietnamese culture there are distinct ways of dealing with problems. Prominent features of the Vietnamese style include indirect expression of feelings, reluctance to confront conflictual situations, preference for allowing time to work out seemingly insoluble problems, and reliance on personal inner strength in facing difficulties. Given the quite different ways of dealing with problems in Vietnamese culture, we would like to suggest that non-Vietnamese counsellors have to move slowly and gently and approach with the right timing. Following a respectful, slow pace suitable to the client is important, especially during the rapport building stage, to avoid jarring or offending the client. The timing of approaching the problem is important for maintaining the relationship and for resolving the problem. If the counsellor takes the initiative to bring up an issue, it is important to do this gently, keeping in mind the cultural norm of ‘saving face’ and the risk of confrontation. Working through an Issue: As issues begin to be worked through, there are three suggested ways of continuing to build rapport and trust with Vietnamese clients: working with somatisation, working from here and now and working through the family. A great number of Vietnamese refugees express their experience of emotional distress under the guise of physical symptoms such as headache, fatigue, insomnia. As somatisation is a culturally acceptable way of presenting mental problems, counsellors can work with these problems first, before moving onto deeper levels. Most Vietnamese refugees are concerned with day-to-day survival. Offering them practical assistance is seen as offering much needed help and assisting to set up a trusting relationship and also an external environment in which emotional issues can be more safely worked through. For Vietnamese, the family plays an important role, in a resettlement country as well as in their country of origin. It appears to be present and influential in many issues, which the Vietnamese client discusses in the session. The family can support or sabotage the relationship between the therapist and the patient. Therefore, in post-trauma counselling with Vietnamese clients, dealing with the family dimension is crucial for the building of trust and understanding and for the success of the intervention. As in all counselling interventions, it is essential to build trust between Vietnamese-born clients and their counsellors. Points of entry rather than barriers have been referred to in the three aspects of counselling refugees. Credibility and giving are seen as being crucial in this process. Counselling can be of great benefit to helping Vietnamese refugees on the road to recovery from trauma. Vietnamese refugees have a great need for company, because they have suffered multiple losses, including faith in the goodness of humanity. Through a counsellor establishing a trusting relationship with them, they could regain this faith, so as to enable them to live the life that they have made huge sacrifices for. Prior to undertaking this assignment I had felt that my cultural awareness of both the Aboriginal and Vietnamese communities was very high. I have travelled extensively in Vietnam and had the opportunity to teach English there. My research into trauma and Vietnamese refugee status in Australia has certainly changed a lot of my views. I could almost say that with my basic Vietnamese language and extensive travels I had been feeling almost complacency about dealing with Vietnamese clients. I have learned that there are many parallels between the Aboriginal and Vietnamese refugee cultures. Both are in trauma; both need to have their immediate needs met before effective counselling can take place. My research into Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs has certainly given the actual practice of counselling clients in trauma an effective framework to work within. As does Erikson’s Stages of Development. Traumatised clients will have interrupted stages of development. These will need to be addressed after the initial and immediate needs are met. I had also felt that I had a particularly good understanding of the Aboriginal culture, having worked in Indigenous education. My research for this assignment highlighted that there are many gaps to my understanding. I had not taken into account that many Aboriginal people are actually in severe crisis when they do seek help. Similar to the Vietnamese people in trauma, they would first try to find support within their kin, tribe or immediate family. When a breakdown of this occurs, outside help is sought but this is fraught with fear, shame and often misunderstanding. This has been a vital assignment for me to undertake and I will continue to seek current research and counselling developments in the areas of Aboriginal mental health and refugee trauma counselling. References Armstrong, T. (2002). Counselling Interventions and Indigenous mental health. Medicine Australia,http://www.medicineau.net.au/clinical/abhealth/abhealt1345.html. Blagg, H. (2000). Crisis Intervention in Aboriginal Family Violence, Summary report. Crime Research Centre, University of Western Australia. Chambers, A. (1990). Responding to Domestic Violence: Spouse Abuse. Guidelines to Practice. Department for Community Services, Western Australia, September 1990. Nguyen & Robin Bowles authors, published in the Journal of Australian Social Work, June 1998.